• BIO 264 Anatomy & Physiology I
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  • 1.0. MODULE 1: TERMINOLOGY/HOMEOSTASIS
  • 2.0. MODULE 2: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • 3.0. MODULE 3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • 4.0. MODULE 4: THE CELL
  • 5.0. MODULE 5: CELL MEMBRANES-STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT
  • 6.0. MODULE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
  • 7.0. MODULE 7: SKELETAL MUSCLE
  • 8.0. MODULE 8: METABOLISM
  • 9.0. MODULE 9: CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENT
  • 10.0. MODULE 10: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • 11.0. MODULE 11: THE BRAIN
  • 12.0. MODULE 12: SPECIAL SENSES
  • Abstracts
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    Pages477
    LicenseCopyrighted
    LanguageEnglish
    AnatomyLife SciencesPhysiologyHuman Body

    BIO 264 Anatomy & Physiology I

    Table of Contents

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    1.0. MODULE 1: TERMINOLOGY/HOMEOSTASIS1
    1.1. TERMINOLOGY3
    1.1.2. Body Directions5
    1.1.3. Anatomical Divisions, Subdivisions and Cavities7
    1.1.4. Prefixes11
    1.1.5. Suffixes15
    1.1.6. Abbreviations17
    1.2. HOMEOSTASIS21
    1.2.1. Homeostasis Defined23
    1.2.2. Homeostatic Control Systems25
    1.2.3. Feedback Response Loop29
    2.0. MODULE 2: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY31
    2.1. MATTER33
    2.1.1. Subatomic Particles37
    2.1.2. Electron Configurations41
    2.1.3. Chemical Bonds43
    2.2. WATER 49
    2.2.1. Chemical Characteristics of Water51
    2.2.2. Water and Aqueous Solutions55
    2.3. ACIDS, BASES, PH AND BUFFERS59
    2.3.1. Acids and Bases61
    2.3.2. pH63
    2.3.3 . Buffers65
    3.0. MODULE 3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY67
    3.1. CARBOHYDRATES69
    3.1.1. Monosaccharides71
    3.1.2. Disaccharides73
    3.1.3. Polysaccharides77
    3.1.4. Oligosaccharides79
    3.2. LIPIDS83
    3.2.1. Triglycerides85
    3.2.2. Phospholipids89
    3.2.3. Steroids91
    3.2.4. Lipoproteins93
    3.2.5. Lipid Profile Values95
    3.3. PROTEINS99
    3.3.1. Amino Acids101
    3.3.2. Peptide Bonds and Polypeptides103
    3.3.3. Protein Structure105
    3.3.4. Classes of Proteins111
    3.3.5. Enzymes113
    4.0. MODULE 4: THE CELL117
    4.1. CELL STRUCTURES119
    4.1.1 . The Cell Nucleus123
    4.1.2 . The Endoplasmic Reticulum125
    4.1.3 . The Golgi Apparatus127
    4.1.4 . The Mitochondrion129
    4.1.5 . Lysosomes, Proteasomes, and Peroxisomes131
    4.1.6 . The Cytoskeleton133
    5.0. MODULE 5: CELL MEMBRANES-STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT135
    5.1. STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE137
    5.1.1. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Membrane139
    5.1.2 . Membrane Phospholipids141
    5.1.3. Membrane Proteins143
    5.1.4. Carbohydrates149
    5.2. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT151
    5.2.1. Simple Diffusion153
    5.2.2. Facilitated Diffusion157
    5.2.3. Active Transport163
    5.2.4. Osmosis171
    5.3. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY177
    5.3.1. Ions and Cell Membranes179
    5.3.2. Membrane Potentials183
    5.3.3. Graded Potentials189
    5.3.4. Action Potentials191
    5.3.5. Refractory Periods193
    5.3.6. Propagation of an Action Potential195
    6.0. MODULE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION199
    6.1. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM201
    6.1.1. Neuron Structure and Classification205
    6.1.2. Glial Cells of the CNS211
    6.1.3. Glial Cells of the PNS217
    6.2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEURON219
    6.2.1. The Synapse221
    6.2.2. Summation225
    7.0. MODULE 7: SKELETAL MUSCLE227
    7.1. FUNCTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE229
    7.2. SKELETAL MUSCLE ORGANIZATION231
    7.2.1. Gross and Microscopic Structure233
    7.3. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING, SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY, CONTRACTURES AND CRAMPS241
    7.3.1. Neuromuscular Junction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling, and Sliding Filament Theory243
    7.3.2. Muscle Contractures and Cramps249
    7.4. WHOLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION251
    7.4.1. Motor Units253
    7.4.2. Physiology of a Muscle Twitch255
    7.4.3. Types of Muscle Contraction257
    7.4.4. Factors That Influence the Force of Muscle Contraction259
    7.4.5. Energy Source for Muscle Contraction263
    7.4.6. Fatigue265
    7.4.7. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types267
    7.4.8. A Little Muscle Pharmacology269
    8.0. MODULE 8: METABOLISM271
    8.1. ENERGTY CYCLE, ATP and ELECTRON CARRIERS 273
    8.1.1. ATP277
    8.1.2. Electron Carriers (NAD and FAD)279
    8.2. GLYCOLYSIS283
    8.3. CITRIC ACID CYCLE289
    8.4. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN293
    8.5. LIPID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM299
    8.5.1. Lipid Metabolism301
    8.5.2. Protein Metabolism305
    9.0. MODULE 9: CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENT307
    9.1. VOLUNTARY AND REFLEXIVE CONTROL OF MUSCLES309
    9.1.1. Voluntary Control of Muscles311
    9.1.2. Reflexes315
    10.0. MODULE 10: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM323
    10.1. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM325
    10.1.1. Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System327
    10.1.2. Structural Organization and Anatomy of the ANS329
    10.1.3. The SNS and the PNS333
    10.1.4. The Enteric Nervous System339
    10.2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ANS341
    10.2.1. Neurotransmitters of the ANS343
    10.2.2. Receptors of the ANS345
    10.3. ACTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM347
    10.3.1. A Table of Actions for the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions 351
    10.3.2. Various Drugs Used to Modify the Actions of the ANS355
    11.0. MODULE 11: THE BRAIN357
    11.1. BRAIN OVERVIEW AND CEREBRUM359
    11.1.1. Cerebral Cortex363
    11.2. THE DIENCEPHALON,BRAINSTEM AND CEREBELLUM367
    11.2.1. The Thalamus369
    11.2.2. The Hypothalamus371
    11.2.3. The Epithalamus373
    11.2.4. Brainstem375
    11.2.5. Cerebellum379
    11.3. THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, BASAL NUCLEI AND RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM381
    11.3.1. The Limbic System383
    11.3.2. The Basal Nuclei389
    11.3.3. The Reticular Activating System391
    11.4. HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS: THE EEG, SLEEP AND LEARNING393
    11.4.1. Electroencephalogram395
    11.4.2. Sleep397
    11.4.3. Memory and Learning401
    11.5. THE MENINGES, CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID AND CRANIAL NERVES403
    11.5.1. The Meninges405
    11.5.2. Cerebrospinal Fluid409
    11.5.3. Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Bleeds413
    11.5.4. Cranial Nerves417
    12.0. MODULE 12: SPECIAL SENSES423
    12.1. THE SENSE OF TASTE AND SMELL425
    12.1.1. Taste427
    12.1.2. The Sense of Smell433
    12.2. VISION: STRUCTURE OF THE EYE437
    12.2.1. Anatomy of the Eye439
    12.2.2. Focusing Light on the Retina445
    12.3. CONVERTING LIGHT TO ACTION POTENTIALS 449
    12.3.1. The Retina453
    12.3.2. Phototransduction457
    12.4. THE INNER EAR: SENSE OF HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM461
    12.4.1. The Nature of Sound463
    12.4.2. The Hearing Apparatus465
    12.4.3. Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials469
    12.4.4. The Sense of Balance and Equilibrium473

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