BIO 264 Anatomy & Physiology I

1.0. MODULE 1: TERMINOLOGY/HOMEOSTASIS

1.1. TERMINOLOGY

1.1.2. Body Directions
1.1.3. Anatomical Divisions, Subdivisions and Cavities
1.1.4. Prefixes
1.1.5. Suffixes
1.1.6. Abbreviations

1.2. HOMEOSTASIS

1.2.1. Homeostasis Defined
1.2.2. Homeostatic Control Systems
1.2.3. Feedback Response Loop

2.0. MODULE 2: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

2.1. MATTER

2.1.1. Subatomic Particles
2.1.2. Electron Configurations
2.1.3. Chemical Bonds

2.2. WATER

2.2.1. Chemical Characteristics of Water
2.2.2. Water and Aqueous Solutions

2.3. ACIDS, BASES, PH AND BUFFERS

2.3.1. Acids and Bases
2.3.2. pH
2.3.3 . Buffers

3.0. MODULE 3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

3.1. CARBOHYDRATES

3.1.1. Monosaccharides
3.1.2. Disaccharides
3.1.3. Polysaccharides
3.1.4. Oligosaccharides

3.2. LIPIDS

3.2.1. Triglycerides
3.2.2. Phospholipids
3.2.3. Steroids
3.2.4. Lipoproteins
3.2.5. Lipid Profile Values

3.3. PROTEINS

3.3.1. Amino Acids
3.3.2. Peptide Bonds and Polypeptides
3.3.3. Protein Structure
3.3.4. Classes of Proteins
3.3.5. Enzymes

4.0. MODULE 4: THE CELL

4.1. CELL STRUCTURES

4.1.1 . The Cell Nucleus
4.1.2 . The Endoplasmic Reticulum
4.1.3 . The Golgi Apparatus
4.1.4 . The Mitochondrion
4.1.5 . Lysosomes, Proteasomes, and Peroxisomes
4.1.6 . The Cytoskeleton

5.0. MODULE 5: CELL MEMBRANES-STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT

5.1. STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

5.1.1. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Membrane
5.1.2 . Membrane Phospholipids
5.1.3. Membrane Proteins
5.1.4. Carbohydrates

5.2. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

5.2.1. Simple Diffusion
5.2.2. Facilitated Diffusion
5.2.3. Active Transport
5.2.4. Osmosis

5.3. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

5.3.1. Ions and Cell Membranes
5.3.2. Membrane Potentials
5.3.3. Graded Potentials
5.3.4. Action Potentials
5.3.5. Refractory Periods
5.3.6. Propagation of an Action Potential

6.0. MODULE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

6.1. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

6.1.1. Neuron Structure and Classification
6.1.2. Glial Cells of the CNS
6.1.3. Glial Cells of the PNS

6.2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEURON

6.2.1. The Synapse
6.2.2. Summation

7.0. MODULE 7: SKELETAL MUSCLE

7.1. FUNCTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
7.2. SKELETAL MUSCLE ORGANIZATION

7.2.1. Gross and Microscopic Structure

7.3. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING, SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY, CONTRACTURES AND CRAMPS

7.3.1. Neuromuscular Junction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling, and Sliding Filament Theory
7.3.2. Muscle Contractures and Cramps

7.4. WHOLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION

7.4.1. Motor Units
7.4.2. Physiology of a Muscle Twitch
7.4.3. Types of Muscle Contraction
7.4.4. Factors That Influence the Force of Muscle Contraction
7.4.5. Energy Source for Muscle Contraction
7.4.6. Fatigue
7.4.7. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
7.4.8. A Little Muscle Pharmacology

8.0. MODULE 8: METABOLISM

8.1. ENERGTY CYCLE, ATP and ELECTRON CARRIERS

8.1.1. ATP
8.1.2. Electron Carriers (NAD and FAD)

8.2. GLYCOLYSIS
8.3. CITRIC ACID CYCLE
8.4. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
8.5. LIPID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM

8.5.1. Lipid Metabolism
8.5.2. Protein Metabolism

9.0. MODULE 9: CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENT

9.1. VOLUNTARY AND REFLEXIVE CONTROL OF MUSCLES

9.1.1. Voluntary Control of Muscles
9.1.2. Reflexes

10.0. MODULE 10: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

10.1. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

10.1.1. Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System
10.1.2. Structural Organization and Anatomy of the ANS
10.1.3. The SNS and the PNS
10.1.4. The Enteric Nervous System

10.2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ANS

10.2.1. Neurotransmitters of the ANS
10.2.2. Receptors of the ANS

10.3. ACTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

10.3.1. A Table of Actions for the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
10.3.2. Various Drugs Used to Modify the Actions of the ANS

11.0. MODULE 11: THE BRAIN

11.1. BRAIN OVERVIEW AND CEREBRUM

11.1.1. Cerebral Cortex

11.2. THE DIENCEPHALON,BRAINSTEM AND CEREBELLUM

11.2.1. The Thalamus
11.2.2. The Hypothalamus
11.2.3. The Epithalamus
11.2.4. Brainstem
11.2.5. Cerebellum

11.3. THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, BASAL NUCLEI AND RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM

11.3.1. The Limbic System
11.3.2. The Basal Nuclei
11.3.3. The Reticular Activating System

11.4. HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS: THE EEG, SLEEP AND LEARNING

11.4.1. Electroencephalogram
11.4.2. Sleep
11.4.3. Memory and Learning

11.5. THE MENINGES, CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID AND CRANIAL NERVES

11.5.1. The Meninges
11.5.2. Cerebrospinal Fluid
11.5.3. Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Bleeds
11.5.4. Cranial Nerves

12.0. MODULE 12: SPECIAL SENSES

12.1. THE SENSE OF TASTE AND SMELL

12.1.1. Taste
12.1.2. The Sense of Smell

12.2. VISION: STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

12.2.1. Anatomy of the Eye
12.2.2. Focusing Light on the Retina

12.3. CONVERTING LIGHT TO ACTION POTENTIALS

12.3.1. The Retina
12.3.2. Phototransduction

12.4. THE INNER EAR: SENSE OF HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM

12.4.1. The Nature of Sound
12.4.2. The Hearing Apparatus
12.4.3. Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials
12.4.4. The Sense of Balance and Equilibrium

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MODULE 1: TERMINOLOGY/HOMEOSTASIS TERMINOLOGY Body Directions Anatomical Divisions, Subdivisions and Cavities Prefixes Suffixes Abbreviations HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis Defined Homeostatic Control Systems Feedback Response Loop MODULE 2: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY MATTER Subatomic Particles Electron Configurations Chemical Bonds WATER Chemical Characteristics of Water Water and Aqueous Solutions ACIDS, BASES, PH AND BUFFERS Acids and Bases pH Buffers MODULE 3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Oligosaccharides LIPIDS Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Lipoproteins Lipid Profile Values PROTEINS Amino Acids Peptide Bonds and Polypeptides Protein Structure Classes of Proteins Enzymes MODULE 4: THE CELL CELL STRUCTURES The Cell Nucleus The Endoplasmic Reticulum The Golgi Apparatus The Mitochondrion Lysosomes, Proteasomes, and Peroxisomes The Cytoskeleton MODULE 5: CELL MEMBRANES-STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE Fluid Mosaic Model of the Membrane Membrane Phospholipids Membrane Proteins Carbohydrates MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Osmosis INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY Ions and Cell Membranes Membrane Potentials Graded Potentials Action Potentials Refractory Periods Propagation of an Action Potential MODULE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neuron Structure and Classification Glial Cells of the CNS Glial Cells of the PNS PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEURON The Synapse Summation MODULE 7: SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE SKELETAL MUSCLE ORGANIZATION Gross and Microscopic Structure NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING, SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY, CONTRACTURES AND CRAMPS Neuromuscular Junction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling, and Sliding Filament Theory Muscle Contractures and Cramps WHOLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION Motor Units Physiology of a Muscle Twitch Types of Muscle Contraction Factors That Influence the Force of Muscle Contraction Energy Source for Muscle Contraction Fatigue Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types A Little Muscle Pharmacology MODULE 8: METABOLISM ENERGTY CYCLE, ATP and ELECTRON CARRIERS ATP Electron Carriers (NAD and FAD) GLYCOLYSIS CITRIC ACID CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN LIPID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM Lipid Metabolism Protein Metabolism MODULE 9: CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENT VOLUNTARY AND REFLEXIVE CONTROL OF MUSCLES Voluntary Control of Muscles Reflexes MODULE 10: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System Structural Organization and Anatomy of the ANS The SNS and the PNS The Enteric Nervous System PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ANS Neurotransmitters of the ANS Receptors of the ANS ACTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM A Table of Actions for the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions Various Drugs Used to Modify the Actions of the ANS MODULE 11: THE BRAIN BRAIN OVERVIEW AND CEREBRUM Cerebral Cortex THE DIENCEPHALON,BRAINSTEM AND CEREBELLUM The Thalamus The Hypothalamus The Epithalamus Brainstem Cerebellum THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, BASAL NUCLEI AND RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM The Limbic System The Basal Nuclei The Reticular Activating System HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS: THE EEG, SLEEP AND LEARNING Electroencephalogram Sleep Memory and Learning THE MENINGES, CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID AND CRANIAL NERVES The Meninges Cerebrospinal Fluid Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Bleeds Cranial Nerves MODULE 12: SPECIAL SENSES THE SENSE OF TASTE AND SMELL Taste The Sense of Smell VISION: STRUCTURE OF THE EYE Anatomy of the Eye Focusing Light on the Retina CONVERTING LIGHT TO ACTION POTENTIALS The Retina Phototransduction THE INNER EAR: SENSE OF HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM The Nature of Sound The Hearing Apparatus Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials The Sense of Balance and Equilibrium

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MODULE 11: THE BRAIN

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BRAIN OVERVIEW AND CEREBRUM Cerebral Cortex THE DIENCEPHALON,BRAINSTEM AND CEREBELLUM The Thalamus The Hypothalamus The Epithalamus Brainstem Cerebellum THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, BASAL NUCLEI AND RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM The Limbic System The Basal Nuclei The Reticular Activating System HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS: THE EEG, SLEEP AND LEARNING Electroencephalogram Sleep Memory and Learning THE MENINGES, CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID AND CRANIAL NERVES The Meninges Cerebrospinal Fluid Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Bleeds Cranial Nerves

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