BIO 264 Anatomy & Physiology I

1.0. MODULE 1: TERMINOLOGY/HOMEOSTASIS

1.1. TERMINOLOGY

1.1.2. Body Directions

1.1.3. Anatomical Divisions, Subdivisions and Cavities

1.1.4. Prefixes

1.1.5. Suffixes

1.1.6. Abbreviations

1.2. HOMEOSTASIS

1.2.1. Homeostasis Defined

1.2.2. Homeostatic Control Systems

1.2.3. Feedback Response Loop

2.0. MODULE 2: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

2.1.1. Subatomic Particles

2.1.2. Electron Configurations

2.1.3. Chemical Bonds

2.2.1. Chemical Characteristics of Water

2.2.2. Water and Aqueous Solutions

2.3. ACIDS, BASES, PH AND BUFFERS

2.3.1. Acids and Bases

2.3.3 . Buffers

3.0. MODULE 3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

3.1. CARBOHYDRATES

3.1.1. Monosaccharides

3.1.2. Disaccharides

3.1.3. Polysaccharides

3.1.4. Oligosaccharides

3.2.1. Triglycerides

3.2.2. Phospholipids

3.2.3. Steroids

3.2.4. Lipoproteins

3.3.1. Amino Acids

3.3.2. Peptide Bonds and Polypeptides

3.3.3. Protein Structure

3.3.4. Classes of Proteins

4.0. MODULE 4: THE CELL

4.1. CELL STRUCTURES

4.1.1 . The Cell Nucleus

4.1.2 . The Endoplasmic Reticulum

4.1.3 . The Golgi Apparatus

4.1.4 . The Mitochondrion

4.1.5 . Lysosomes, Proteasomes, and Peroxisomes

4.1.6 . The Cytoskeleton

5.0. MODULE 5: CELL MEMBRANES-STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT

5.1. STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

5.1.1. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Membrane

5.1.2 . Membrane Phospholipids

5.1.3. Membrane Proteins

5.1.4. Carbohydrates

5.2. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

5.2.1. Simple Diffusion

5.2.2. Facilitated Diffusion

5.2.3. Active Transport

5.3. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

5.3.1. Ions and Cell Membranes

5.3.2. Membrane Potentials

5.3.3. Graded Potentials

5.3.4. Action Potentials

5.3.5. Refractory Periods

5.3.6. Propagation of an Action Potential

6.0. MODULE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

6.1. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

6.1.1. Neuron Structure and Classification

6.1.2. Glial Cells of the CNS

6.1.3. Glial Cells of the PNS

6.2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEURON

6.2.1. The Synapse

6.2.2. Summation

7.0. MODULE 7: SKELETAL MUSCLE

7.1. FUNCTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

7.2. SKELETAL MUSCLE ORGANIZATION

7.2.1. Gross and Microscopic Structure

7.3. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING, SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY, CONTRACTURES AND CRAMPS

7.3.1. Neuromuscular Junction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling, and Sliding Filament Theory

7.3.2. Muscle Contractures and Cramps

7.4. WHOLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION

7.4.1. Motor Units

7.4.2. Physiology of a Muscle Twitch

7.4.3. Types of Muscle Contraction

7.4.4. Factors That Influence the Force of Muscle Contraction

7.4.5. Energy Source for Muscle Contraction

7.4.7. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types

7.4.8. A Little Muscle Pharmacology

8.0. MODULE 8: METABOLISM

8.1. ENERGTY CYCLE, ATP and ELECTRON CARRIERS

8.1.2. Electron Carriers (NAD and FAD)

8.2. GLYCOLYSIS

8.3. CITRIC ACID CYCLE

8.4. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

8.5. LIPID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM

8.5.1. Lipid Metabolism

8.5.2. Protein Metabolism

9.0. MODULE 9: CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENT

9.1. VOLUNTARY AND REFLEXIVE CONTROL OF MUSCLES

9.1.1. Voluntary Control of Muscles

9.1.2. Reflexes

10.0. MODULE 10: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

10.1. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

10.1.1. Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System

10.1.2. Structural Organization and Anatomy of the ANS

10.1.3. The SNS and the PNS

10.1.4. The Enteric Nervous System

10.2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ANS

10.2.1. Neurotransmitters of the ANS

10.2.2. Receptors of the ANS

10.3. ACTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

10.3.1. A Table of Actions for the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

10.3.2. Various Drugs Used to Modify the Actions of the ANS

11.0. MODULE 11: THE BRAIN

11.1. BRAIN OVERVIEW AND CEREBRUM

11.1.1. Cerebral Cortex

11.2. THE DIENCEPHALON,BRAINSTEM AND CEREBELLUM

11.2.1. The Thalamus

11.2.2. The Hypothalamus

11.2.3. The Epithalamus

11.2.4. Brainstem

11.2.5. Cerebellum

11.3. THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, BASAL NUCLEI AND RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM

11.3.1. The Limbic System

11.3.2. The Basal Nuclei

11.3.3. The Reticular Activating System

11.4. HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS: THE EEG, SLEEP AND LEARNING

11.4.1. Electroencephalogram

11.4.3. Memory and Learning

11.5. THE MENINGES, CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID AND CRANIAL NERVES

11.5.1. The Meninges

11.5.2. Cerebrospinal Fluid

11.5.3. Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Bleeds

11.5.4. Cranial Nerves

12.0. MODULE 12: SPECIAL SENSES

12.1. THE SENSE OF TASTE AND SMELL

12.1.2. The Sense of Smell

12.2. VISION: STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

12.2.1. Anatomy of the Eye

12.2.2. Focusing Light on the Retina

12.3. CONVERTING LIGHT TO ACTION POTENTIALS

12.3.1. The Retina

12.3.2. Phototransduction

12.4. THE INNER EAR: SENSE OF HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM

12.4.1. The Nature of Sound

12.4.2. The Hearing Apparatus

12.4.3. Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials

12.4.4. The Sense of Balance and Equilibrium

3.2.5

Lipid Profile Values

The following appendix offers information regarding desirable and undesirable lipid profile values.

Lipid Profile

Cholesterol Lipid Panel Results: Image Permission Acquired by email through Nate Wise BYU-Idaho Dec 2013

Total Cholesterol (TC)	Category
Less than 200	Desirable
200-239	Mildly High
240 and above	High

HDL	HDL- Category
60 and above	High; Optimal; associated with lower risk
Less than 40 in men and less than 50 in women	Low; considered a risk factor for heart disease

Triglycerides	Triglyceride Category
Less than 150	Normal
150-199	Mildly High
200-499	High
500 or higher	Very High

LDL	LDL Category
Less than 100	Optimal
100-129	Slightly Above Optimal
130-159	Borderline High
160-189	High
190 and above	Very High

Non-HDL	Non-HDL Category
Non-HDL is a reading that includes the cholesterol content of all the lipoproteins that are not part of the HDL classification. LDLs are the most common lipoprotein to examine for heart disease risk, but there are other lipoproteins that can contribute to atherosclerosis. These are sometimes called Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) and Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL). The general category of all Non-HDL lipoproteins can be combined with the readings from the LDL category to validate concerns for heart risk profiles.
Less than 130	Optimal
129-159	Slightly above Optimal
160-190	High
Above 190	Very High

TC/ HDL	Category
Total Cholesterol to HDL ratio (TC /HDL) is a number that reflects how many HDL lipoproteins we have relative to our total cholesterol. A person with a lower HDL value may see that his/her total cholesterol is also low. In this case, a person with a lower HDL value may have a TC/HDL ratio that is fine. This value taken with the other values in the lipid profile help a health care professional get a better idea of the actual heart disease risk.
Below 3.5	Optimal
3.6 to 5.0	Borderline High to High
Above 5.0	High to Very High

12-hour Fasting Glucose (Glu)	Category
82 - 110	Optimal
111- 125	Borderline High to High
Above 126	High to Diabetic

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