BIO 264 Anatomy & Physiology I

1.0. MODULE 1: TERMINOLOGY/HOMEOSTASIS

1.1. TERMINOLOGY

1.1.2. Body Directions

1.1.3. Anatomical Divisions, Subdivisions and Cavities

1.1.4. Prefixes

1.1.5. Suffixes

1.1.6. Abbreviations

1.2. HOMEOSTASIS

1.2.1. Homeostasis Defined

1.2.2. Homeostatic Control Systems

1.2.3. Feedback Response Loop

2.0. MODULE 2: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

2.1.1. Subatomic Particles

2.1.2. Electron Configurations

2.1.3. Chemical Bonds

2.2.1. Chemical Characteristics of Water

2.2.2. Water and Aqueous Solutions

2.3. ACIDS, BASES, PH AND BUFFERS

2.3.1. Acids and Bases

2.3.3 . Buffers

3.0. MODULE 3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

3.1. CARBOHYDRATES

3.1.1. Monosaccharides

3.1.2. Disaccharides

3.1.3. Polysaccharides

3.1.4. Oligosaccharides

3.2.1. Triglycerides

3.2.2. Phospholipids

3.2.3. Steroids

3.2.4. Lipoproteins

3.2.5. Lipid Profile Values

3.3.1. Amino Acids

3.3.2. Peptide Bonds and Polypeptides

3.3.3. Protein Structure

3.3.4. Classes of Proteins

4.0. MODULE 4: THE CELL

4.1. CELL STRUCTURES

4.1.1 . The Cell Nucleus

4.1.2 . The Endoplasmic Reticulum

4.1.3 . The Golgi Apparatus

4.1.4 . The Mitochondrion

4.1.5 . Lysosomes, Proteasomes, and Peroxisomes

4.1.6 . The Cytoskeleton

5.0. MODULE 5: CELL MEMBRANES-STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT

5.1. STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

5.1.1. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Membrane

5.1.2 . Membrane Phospholipids

5.1.3. Membrane Proteins

5.1.4. Carbohydrates

5.2. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

5.2.1. Simple Diffusion

5.2.2. Facilitated Diffusion

5.2.3. Active Transport

5.3. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

5.3.1. Ions and Cell Membranes

5.3.2. Membrane Potentials

5.3.3. Graded Potentials

5.3.4. Action Potentials

5.3.5. Refractory Periods

5.3.6. Propagation of an Action Potential

6.0. MODULE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

6.1. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

6.1.1. Neuron Structure and Classification

6.1.2. Glial Cells of the CNS

6.2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEURON

6.2.1. The Synapse

6.2.2. Summation

7.0. MODULE 7: SKELETAL MUSCLE

7.1. FUNCTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

7.2. SKELETAL MUSCLE ORGANIZATION

7.2.1. Gross and Microscopic Structure

7.3. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING, SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY, CONTRACTURES AND CRAMPS

7.3.1. Neuromuscular Junction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling, and Sliding Filament Theory

7.3.2. Muscle Contractures and Cramps

7.4. WHOLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION

7.4.1. Motor Units

7.4.2. Physiology of a Muscle Twitch

7.4.3. Types of Muscle Contraction

7.4.4. Factors That Influence the Force of Muscle Contraction

7.4.5. Energy Source for Muscle Contraction

7.4.7. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types

7.4.8. A Little Muscle Pharmacology

8.0. MODULE 8: METABOLISM

8.1. ENERGTY CYCLE, ATP and ELECTRON CARRIERS

8.1.2. Electron Carriers (NAD and FAD)

8.2. GLYCOLYSIS

8.3. CITRIC ACID CYCLE

8.4. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

8.5. LIPID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM

8.5.1. Lipid Metabolism

8.5.2. Protein Metabolism

9.0. MODULE 9: CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENT

9.1. VOLUNTARY AND REFLEXIVE CONTROL OF MUSCLES

9.1.1. Voluntary Control of Muscles

9.1.2. Reflexes

10.0. MODULE 10: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

10.1. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

10.1.1. Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System

10.1.2. Structural Organization and Anatomy of the ANS

10.1.3. The SNS and the PNS

10.1.4. The Enteric Nervous System

10.2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ANS

10.2.1. Neurotransmitters of the ANS

10.2.2. Receptors of the ANS

10.3. ACTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

10.3.1. A Table of Actions for the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

10.3.2. Various Drugs Used to Modify the Actions of the ANS

11.0. MODULE 11: THE BRAIN

11.1. BRAIN OVERVIEW AND CEREBRUM

11.1.1. Cerebral Cortex

11.2. THE DIENCEPHALON,BRAINSTEM AND CEREBELLUM

11.2.1. The Thalamus

11.2.2. The Hypothalamus

11.2.3. The Epithalamus

11.2.4. Brainstem

11.2.5. Cerebellum

11.3. THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, BASAL NUCLEI AND RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM

11.3.1. The Limbic System

11.3.2. The Basal Nuclei

11.3.3. The Reticular Activating System

11.4. HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS: THE EEG, SLEEP AND LEARNING

11.4.1. Electroencephalogram

11.4.3. Memory and Learning

11.5. THE MENINGES, CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID AND CRANIAL NERVES

11.5.1. The Meninges

11.5.2. Cerebrospinal Fluid

11.5.3. Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Bleeds

11.5.4. Cranial Nerves

12.0. MODULE 12: SPECIAL SENSES

12.1. THE SENSE OF TASTE AND SMELL

12.1.2. The Sense of Smell

12.2. VISION: STRUCTURE OF THE EYE

12.2.1. Anatomy of the Eye

12.2.2. Focusing Light on the Retina

12.3. CONVERTING LIGHT TO ACTION POTENTIALS

12.3.1. The Retina

12.3.2. Phototransduction

12.4. THE INNER EAR: SENSE OF HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM

12.4.1. The Nature of Sound

12.4.2. The Hearing Apparatus

12.4.3. Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials

12.4.4. The Sense of Balance and Equilibrium

6.1.3

Glial Cells of the PNS

The Schwann Cell

The Schwann cell is the myelinating cell of the PNS. In contrast to the oligodendrocyte of the CNS, which uses multiple processes to myelinate multiple segments of axons, a Schwann cell provides myelin for a single segment of an axon. Still, the appearance and function of myelin in the PNS is exactly the same as the CNS.

The Satellite Cell

Satellite glial cells help regulate the external chemical environment around neurons of the PNS. In this way, they are very similar to the astrocyte of the CNS but, in addition, are highly sensitive to injury and inflammation.

File:Blausen 0870 TypesofNeuroglia.png

Types of Neuroglia. Author:Blausen.com staff (2014).

"Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436.

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