BIO 264 Anatomy & Physiology I
1.0. MODULE 1: TERMINOLOGY/HOMEOSTASIS
1.1. TERMINOLOGY
1.1.2. Body Directions
1.1.3. Anatomical Divisions, Subdivisions and Cavities
1.1.4. Prefixes
1.1.5. Suffixes
1.1.6. Abbreviations
1.2. HOMEOSTASIS
1.2.1. Homeostasis Defined
1.2.2. Homeostatic Control Systems
1.2.3. Feedback Response Loop
2.0. MODULE 2: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
2.1. MATTER
2.1.1. Subatomic Particles
2.1.2. Electron Configurations
2.1.3. Chemical Bonds
2.2. WATER
2.2.1. Chemical Characteristics of Water
2.2.2. Water and Aqueous Solutions
2.3. ACIDS, BASES, PH AND BUFFERS
2.3.1. Acids and Bases
2.3.2. pH
2.3.3 . Buffers
3.0. MODULE 3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
3.1. CARBOHYDRATES
3.1.1. Monosaccharides
3.1.2. Disaccharides
3.1.3. Polysaccharides
3.1.4. Oligosaccharides
3.2. LIPIDS
3.2.1. Triglycerides
3.2.2. Phospholipids
3.2.3. Steroids
3.2.4. Lipoproteins
3.2.5. Lipid Profile Values
3.3. PROTEINS
3.3.1. Amino Acids
3.3.2. Peptide Bonds and Polypeptides
3.3.3. Protein Structure
3.3.4. Classes of Proteins
3.3.5. Enzymes
4.0. MODULE 4: THE CELL
4.1. CELL STRUCTURES
4.1.1 . The Cell Nucleus
4.1.2 . The Endoplasmic Reticulum
4.1.3 . The Golgi Apparatus
4.1.4 . The Mitochondrion
4.1.5 . Lysosomes, Proteasomes, and Peroxisomes
4.1.6 . The Cytoskeleton
5.0. MODULE 5: CELL MEMBRANES-STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT
5.1. STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
5.1.1. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Membrane
5.1.2 . Membrane Phospholipids
5.1.3. Membrane Proteins
5.1.4. Carbohydrates
5.2. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
5.2.1. Simple Diffusion
5.2.2. Facilitated Diffusion
5.2.3. Active Transport
5.2.4. Osmosis
5.3. INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
5.3.1. Ions and Cell Membranes
5.3.2. Membrane Potentials
5.3.3. Graded Potentials
5.3.4. Action Potentials
5.3.5. Refractory Periods
5.3.6. Propagation of an Action Potential
6.0. MODULE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
6.1. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
6.1.1. Neuron Structure and Classification
6.1.2. Glial Cells of the CNS
6.1.3. Glial Cells of the PNS
6.2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEURON
6.2.1. The Synapse
6.2.2. Summation
7.0. MODULE 7: SKELETAL MUSCLE
7.1. FUNCTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
7.2. SKELETAL MUSCLE ORGANIZATION
7.2.1. Gross and Microscopic Structure
7.3. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING, SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY, CONTRACTURES AND CRAMPS
7.3.1. Neuromuscular Junction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling, and Sliding Filament Theory
7.3.2. Muscle Contractures and Cramps
7.4. WHOLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION
7.4.1. Motor Units
7.4.2. Physiology of a Muscle Twitch
7.4.3. Types of Muscle Contraction
7.4.4. Factors That Influence the Force of Muscle Contraction
7.4.5. Energy Source for Muscle Contraction
7.4.6. Fatigue
7.4.7. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
7.4.8. A Little Muscle Pharmacology
8.0. MODULE 8: METABOLISM
8.1. ENERGTY CYCLE, ATP and ELECTRON CARRIERS
8.1.1. ATP
8.1.2. Electron Carriers (NAD and FAD)
8.2. GLYCOLYSIS
8.3. CITRIC ACID CYCLE
8.4. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
8.5. LIPID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM
8.5.1. Lipid Metabolism
8.5.2. Protein Metabolism
9.0. MODULE 9: CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENT
9.1. VOLUNTARY AND REFLEXIVE CONTROL OF MUSCLES
9.1.1. Voluntary Control of Muscles
9.1.2. Reflexes
10.0. MODULE 10: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
10.1. ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
10.1.1. Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System
10.1.2. Structural Organization and Anatomy of the ANS
10.1.3. The SNS and the PNS
10.1.4. The Enteric Nervous System
10.2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ANS
10.2.1. Neurotransmitters of the ANS
10.2.2. Receptors of the ANS
10.3. ACTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
10.3.1. A Table of Actions for the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
10.3.2. Various Drugs Used to Modify the Actions of the ANS
11.0. MODULE 11: THE BRAIN
11.1. BRAIN OVERVIEW AND CEREBRUM
11.1.1. Cerebral Cortex
11.2. THE DIENCEPHALON,BRAINSTEM AND CEREBELLUM
11.2.1. The Thalamus
11.2.2. The Hypothalamus
11.2.3. The Epithalamus
11.2.4. Brainstem
11.2.5. Cerebellum
11.3. THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, BASAL NUCLEI AND RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
11.3.1. The Limbic System
11.3.2. The Basal Nuclei
11.3.3. The Reticular Activating System
11.4. HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS: THE EEG, SLEEP AND LEARNING
11.4.1. Electroencephalogram
11.4.2. Sleep
11.4.3. Memory and Learning
11.5. THE MENINGES, CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID AND CRANIAL NERVES
11.5.1. The Meninges
11.5.2. Cerebrospinal Fluid
11.5.3. Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Bleeds
11.5.4. Cranial Nerves
12.0. MODULE 12: SPECIAL SENSES
12.1. THE SENSE OF TASTE AND SMELL
12.1.1. Taste
12.1.2. The Sense of Smell
12.2. VISION: STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
12.2.1. Anatomy of the Eye
12.2.2. Focusing Light on the Retina
12.3. CONVERTING LIGHT TO ACTION POTENTIALS
12.3.1. The Retina
12.3.2. Phototransduction
12.4. THE INNER EAR: SENSE OF HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM
12.4.1. The Nature of Sound
12.4.2. The Hearing Apparatus
12.4.3. Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials
12.4.4. The Sense of Balance and Equilibrium
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MODULE 1: TERMINOLOGY/HOMEOSTASIS
TERMINOLOGY
Body Directions
Anatomical Divisions, Subdivisions and Cavities
Prefixes
Suffixes
Abbreviations
HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis Defined
Homeostatic Control Systems
Feedback Response Loop
MODULE 2: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
MATTER
Subatomic Particles
Electron Configurations
Chemical Bonds
WATER
Chemical Characteristics of Water
Water and Aqueous Solutions
ACIDS, BASES, PH AND BUFFERS
Acids and Bases
pH
Buffers
MODULE 3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Oligosaccharides
LIPIDS
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Lipoproteins
Lipid Profile Values
PROTEINS
Amino Acids
Peptide Bonds and Polypeptides
Protein Structure
Classes of Proteins
Enzymes
MODULE 4: THE CELL
CELL STRUCTURES
The Cell Nucleus
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
The Golgi Apparatus
The Mitochondrion
Lysosomes, Proteasomes, and Peroxisomes
The Cytoskeleton
MODULE 5: CELL MEMBRANES-STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT
STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
Fluid Mosaic Model of the Membrane
Membrane Phospholipids
Membrane Proteins
Carbohydrates
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Osmosis
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
Ions and Cell Membranes
Membrane Potentials
Graded Potentials
Action Potentials
Refractory Periods
Propagation of an Action Potential
MODULE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Neuron Structure and Classification
Glial Cells of the CNS
Glial Cells of the PNS
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEURON
The Synapse
Summation
MODULE 7: SKELETAL MUSCLE
FUNCTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
SKELETAL MUSCLE ORGANIZATION
Gross and Microscopic Structure
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING, SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY, CONTRACTURES AND CRAMPS
Neuromuscular Junction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling, and Sliding Filament Theory
Muscle Contractures and Cramps
WHOLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Motor Units
Physiology of a Muscle Twitch
Types of Muscle Contraction
Factors That Influence the Force of Muscle Contraction
Energy Source for Muscle Contraction
Fatigue
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
A Little Muscle Pharmacology
MODULE 8: METABOLISM
ENERGTY CYCLE, ATP and ELECTRON CARRIERS
ATP
Electron Carriers (NAD and FAD)
GLYCOLYSIS
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
LIPID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM
Lipid Metabolism
Protein Metabolism
MODULE 9: CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENT
VOLUNTARY AND REFLEXIVE CONTROL OF MUSCLES
Voluntary Control of Muscles
Reflexes
MODULE 10: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System
Structural Organization and Anatomy of the ANS
The SNS and the PNS
The Enteric Nervous System
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ANS
Neurotransmitters of the ANS
Receptors of the ANS
ACTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A Table of Actions for the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
Various Drugs Used to Modify the Actions of the ANS
MODULE 11: THE BRAIN
BRAIN OVERVIEW AND CEREBRUM
Cerebral Cortex
THE DIENCEPHALON,BRAINSTEM AND CEREBELLUM
The Thalamus
The Hypothalamus
The Epithalamus
Brainstem
Cerebellum
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, BASAL NUCLEI AND RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM
The Limbic System
The Basal Nuclei
The Reticular Activating System
HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS: THE EEG, SLEEP AND LEARNING
Electroencephalogram
Sleep
Memory and Learning
THE MENINGES, CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID AND CRANIAL NERVES
The Meninges
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Bleeds
Cranial Nerves
MODULE 12: SPECIAL SENSES
THE SENSE OF TASTE AND SMELL
Taste
The Sense of Smell
VISION: STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
Anatomy of the Eye
Focusing Light on the Retina
CONVERTING LIGHT TO ACTION POTENTIALS
The Retina
Phototransduction
THE INNER EAR: SENSE OF HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM
The Nature of Sound
The Hearing Apparatus
Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials
The Sense of Balance and Equilibrium