• BIO 265 Anatomy and Physiology II
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  • 1.0. MODULE 1: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
  • 2.0. MODULE 2: BLOOD
  • 3.0. MODULE 3: IMMUNE SYSTEM
  • 4.0. MODULE 4: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
  • 5.0. MODULE 5: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  • 6.0. MODULE 6: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
  • 7.0. MODULE 7: URINARY SYSTEM
  • 8.0. MODULE 8: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
  • 9.0. MODULE 9: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
  • 10.0. MODULE 10: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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    Pages533
    LicenseCopyrighted
    LanguageEnglish
    AnatomyLife SciencesPhysiologyHuman BodyAnatomy and Physiology

    BIO 265 Anatomy and Physiology II

    Table of Contents

    1.0. MODULE 1: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM1
    1.1. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART3
    1.1.1. Chambers and Circulation5
    1.1.2. The Layers of the Heart Wall9
    1.1.3. Cardiac Muscle Histology and Organization11
    1.2. CARDIAC CELL ACTION POTENTIALS15
    1.2.1. Action Potentials in Cardiac Contractile Muscle Cells17
    1.2.2. Action Potentials in Cardiac Autorhythmic Cells21
    1.3. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART MUSCLE25
    1.3.1. Heart Conduction System27
    1.3.2. Cardiac Excitation Coupling29
    1.3.3. Electrocardiogram (EKG)31
    1.4. THE CARDIAC CYCLE37
    1.4.1. Cardiac Cycle39
    1.4.2. Cardiac Measurements43
    1.5. REGULATION OF CARDIAC FUNCTION45
    1.5.1. Intrinsic Regulation47
    1.5.2. Extrinsic Regulation49
    1.5.3. Mean Arterial Pressure51
    1.5.4. Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Reflexes53
    2.0. MODULE 2: BLOOD57
    2.1. INTRODUCTION TO BLOOD, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AND BREAKDOWN59
    2.1.1. Functions of Blood61
    2.1.2. Composition of Blood63
    2.1.3. Hematopoiesis65
    2.1.4. Red Blood Cells67
    2.1.5. Hemoglobin69
    2.1.6. Erythropoiesis71
    2.1.7. Breaking Down Red Blood Cells73
    2.1.8. White Blood Cells and Platelets77
    2.2. HEMOSTASIS 79
    2.2.1. Vascular Spasm81
    2.2.2. Platelet Plug83
    2.2.3. Clotting (Coagulation) Cascade87
    2.2.4. Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis93
    2.2.5. Blood Clot Regulation95
    2.3. BLOOD TYPING97
    2.3.1. Blood Antigens and Antibodies99
    2.3.2. ABO Blood Group System101
    2.3.3. Rh Blood Group System103
    2.3.4. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn105
    2.4. BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS 107
    2.4.1. Arteries and Veins109
    2.4.2. Portal System113
    2.4.3. Capillaries115
    2.4.4. Atherosclerosis119
    2.5. CAPILLARY EXCHANGE123
    2.5.1. Edema129
    2.6. BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION AND SHOCK131
    2.6.1. Blood Pressure Explained133
    2.6.2. Short-Term Regulation137
    2.6.3. 2.6.3 - Long-Term Regulation141
    2.6.4. Shock145
    3.0. MODULE 3: IMMUNE SYSTEM147
    3.1. OVERVIEW OF THE LYMPHATIC AND NON-SPECIFIC INNATE RESPONSE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM149
    3.1.1. Structure and Function of the Lymphatic System151
    3.1.2. Physical Barriers: First Wall of Defense157
    3.1.3. Internal Non-Specific Defense Mechanisms159
    3.2. SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE, ANTIBODIES, IMMUNITY & VACCINES163
    3.2.1. Specific Defenses of the Immune Response165
    3.2.2. Antibodies169
    3.2.3. Immunological Memory171
    3.2.4. Vaccines, Autoimmunity and Allergies175
    4.0. MODULE 4: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM179
    4.1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM181
    4.1.1. Functions of the Integumentary System183
    4.1.2. Composition of the Skin185
    4.1.3. Skin Color193
    4.1.4. Skin Cancer199
    4.2. HAIR 203
    4.2.1. Types of Hair205
    4.2.2. Structure of Hair209
    4.2.3. Hair Growth213
    4.2.4. Hair Loss215
    5.0. MODULE 5: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM217
    5.1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND VENTILATION219
    5.1.1. Respiratory System Function221
    5.1.2. Respiratory Structure 223
    5.1.3. Respiratory Membrane229
    5.1.4. Alveoli and Surfactant231
    5.2. RESPIRATORY PRESSURES235
    5.2.1. Ventilation: Inspiration and Expiration237
    5.2.2. Pressure Differences in the Thoracic Cavity241
    5.2.3. Pneumothorax and Pleuritis243
    5.2.4. Respiratory Volumes and Capacity245
    5.3. GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT247
    5.3.1. Rate of Diffusion249
    5.3.2. Gas Laws Important in Gas Exchange251
    5.3.3. Partial Pressure Gradients255
    5.3.4. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood259
    5.4. RESPIRATORY CONTROL267
    5.4.1. Respiratory Control by the Medulla Oblongata269
    5.4.2. Chemicals that Regulate Ventilation273
    5.4.3. COPD and Asthma277
    6.0. MODULE 6: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM281
    6.1. FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM283
    6.1.1. Hyaline Cartilage285
    6.1.2. Bone Characteristics287
    6.1.3. Bone Classification and Anatomy291
    6.1.4. Bone Cells297
    6.1.5. Formation of Woven and Lamellar Bone305
    6.1.6. Bone and Blood Calcium Levels307
    6.2. FORMATION, GROWTH & REPAIR OF BONE309
    6.2.1. Fetal Development of Bone: Intramembranous and Endochondral Ossification311
    6.2.2. Bone Growth in Children and Repair of Bones315
    6.2.3. Factors that Influence Bone Growth319
    6.2.4. Bone Repair323
    7.0. MODULE 7: URINARY SYSTEM327
    7.1. THE KIDNEY: FUNCTION, ANATOMY, THE NEPHRON AND GLOMERULUS329
    7.1.1. Urinary System Function331
    7.1.2. Functional Anatomy of the Urinary System333
    7.1.3. The Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney337
    7.1.4. The Renal Corpuscle: Bowman’s Capsule and the Glomerulus339
    7.2. FILTRATION, REABSORPTION, AND SECRETION343
    7.2.1. Filtration345
    7.2.2. Tubular Reabsorption 349
    7.2.3. Secretion353
    7.2.4. Excretion 355
    7.3. PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE PRODUCTION357
    7.3.1. Renal Clearance359
    7.3.2. Urine Concentration and Dilution361
    7.3.3. Hormonal Regulation of Urine Production365
    7.4. ACID/BASE BALANCE369
    7.4.1. Buffers371
    7.4.2. Respiratory System373
    7.4.3. Kidneys375
    7.4.4. Acid Base Disturbances377
    8.0. MODULE 8: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM379
    8.1. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM381
    8.1.1. Layers of Alimentary Canal of the Digestive System383
    8.1.2. Enteric Nervous System385
    8.1.3. Organs of the Digestive System387
    8.2. DIGESTION393
    8.2.1. Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption395
    8.2.2. Protein Digestion and Absorption399
    8.2.3. Lipid Digestion403
    8.3. REGULATION OF DIGESTIVE SECRETIONS409
    9.0. MODULE 9: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM417
    9.1. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND HORMONES OF THE BODY419
    9.1.1. Overview of the Endocrine System421
    9.1.2. Hormone Receptors425
    9.1.3. Hormones of the Body429
    9.1.4. Other Hormones: Melatonin and Pheromones437
    9.2. THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND439
    9.2.1. Posterior Pituitary443
    9.2.2. Anterior Pituitary445
    9.3. THYROID AND ADRENAL GLANDS 449
    9.3.1. Thyroid Hormone Synthesis453
    9.3.2. Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion455
    9.3.3. Thyroid Hormone Actions459
    9.3.4. Thyroid Disorders461
    9.3.5. Adrenal Gland465
    9.4. PANCREAS469
    9.4.1. Insulin471
    9.4.2. Regulation of Secretion of Insulin473
    9.4.3. Glucagon475
    9.4.4. Diabetes Mellitus477
    10.0. MODULE 10: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM479
    10.1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY AND GERM CELLS481
    10.1.1. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System483
    10.1.2. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System487
    10.1.3. Mitosis and Meiosis491
    10.2. THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM493
    10.2.1. Male Reproductive Endocrine Axis495
    10.2.2. Spermatogenesis499
    10.2.3. Physiology of the Male Erection and Ejaculation503
    10.3. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM505
    10.3.1. Oogenesis507
    10.3.2. Folliculogenesis509
    10.3.3. Ovulation and Fertilization513
    10.3.4. The Menstrual Cycle: Ovarian and Uterine 517
    10.3.5. Ovarian Cycle519
    10.3.6. Uterine Cycle523
    10.3.7. Getting Pregnant 527

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