BIO 265 Anatomy and Physiology II

1.0. MODULE 1: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1.1. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART

1.1.1. Chambers and Circulation

1.1.2. The Layers of the Heart Wall

1.1.3. Cardiac Muscle Histology and Organization

1.2. CARDIAC CELL ACTION POTENTIALS

1.2.1. Action Potentials in Cardiac Contractile Muscle Cells

1.2.2. Action Potentials in Cardiac Autorhythmic Cells

1.3. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART MUSCLE

1.3.1. Heart Conduction System

1.3.2. Cardiac Excitation Coupling

1.3.3. Electrocardiogram (EKG)

1.4.1. Cardiac Cycle

1.4.2. Cardiac Measurements

1.5. REGULATION OF CARDIAC FUNCTION

1.5.1. Intrinsic Regulation

1.5.2. Extrinsic Regulation

1.5.3. Mean Arterial Pressure

1.5.4. Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Reflexes

2.0. MODULE 2: BLOOD

2.1. INTRODUCTION TO BLOOD, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AND BREAKDOWN

2.1.1. Functions of Blood

2.1.2. Composition of Blood

2.1.3. Hematopoiesis

2.1.4. Red Blood Cells

2.1.5. Hemoglobin

2.1.6. Erythropoiesis

2.1.7. Breaking Down Red Blood Cells

2.1.8. White Blood Cells and Platelets

2.2. HEMOSTASIS

2.2.1. Vascular Spasm

2.2.2. Platelet Plug

2.2.3. Clotting (Coagulation) Cascade

2.2.4. Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis

2.2.5. Blood Clot Regulation

2.3. BLOOD TYPING

2.3.1. Blood Antigens and Antibodies

2.3.2. ABO Blood Group System

2.3.3. Rh Blood Group System

2.3.4. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

2.4. BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS

2.4.1. Arteries and Veins

2.4.2. Portal System

2.4.3. Capillaries

2.4.4. Atherosclerosis

2.5. CAPILLARY EXCHANGE

2.6. BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION AND SHOCK

2.6.1. Blood Pressure Explained

2.6.2. Short-Term Regulation

2.6.3. 2.6.3 - Long-Term Regulation

3.0. MODULE 3: IMMUNE SYSTEM

3.1. OVERVIEW OF THE LYMPHATIC AND NON-SPECIFIC INNATE RESPONSE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

3.1.1. Structure and Function of the Lymphatic System

3.1.2. Physical Barriers: First Wall of Defense

3.1.3. Internal Non-Specific Defense Mechanisms

3.2. SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE, ANTIBODIES, IMMUNITY & VACCINES

3.2.1. Specific Defenses of the Immune Response

3.2.2. Antibodies

3.2.3. Immunological Memory

3.2.4. Vaccines, Autoimmunity and Allergies

4.0. MODULE 4: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

4.1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

4.1.1. Functions of the Integumentary System

4.1.2. Composition of the Skin

4.1.3. Skin Color

4.1.4. Skin Cancer

4.2.1. Types of Hair

4.2.2. Structure of Hair

4.2.3. Hair Growth

4.2.4. Hair Loss

5.0. MODULE 5: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

5.1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND VENTILATION

5.1.1. Respiratory System Function

5.1.2. Respiratory Structure

5.1.3. Respiratory Membrane

5.1.4. Alveoli and Surfactant

5.2. RESPIRATORY PRESSURES

5.2.1. Ventilation: Inspiration and Expiration

5.2.2. Pressure Differences in the Thoracic Cavity

5.2.3. Pneumothorax and Pleuritis

5.2.4. Respiratory Volumes and Capacity

5.3. GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT

5.3.1. Rate of Diffusion

5.3.2. Gas Laws Important in Gas Exchange

5.3.3. Partial Pressure Gradients

5.3.4. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

5.4. RESPIRATORY CONTROL

5.4.1. Respiratory Control by the Medulla Oblongata

5.4.2. Chemicals that Regulate Ventilation

5.4.3. COPD and Asthma

6.0. MODULE 6: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

6.1. FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

6.1.1. Hyaline Cartilage

6.1.2. Bone Characteristics

6.1.3. Bone Classification and Anatomy

6.1.4. Bone Cells

6.1.5. Formation of Woven and Lamellar Bone

6.1.6. Bone and Blood Calcium Levels

6.2. FORMATION, GROWTH & REPAIR OF BONE

6.2.1. Fetal Development of Bone: Intramembranous and Endochondral Ossification

6.2.2. Bone Growth in Children and Repair of Bones

6.2.3. Factors that Influence Bone Growth

6.2.4. Bone Repair

7.0. MODULE 7: URINARY SYSTEM

7.1. THE KIDNEY: FUNCTION, ANATOMY, THE NEPHRON AND GLOMERULUS

7.1.1. Urinary System Function

7.1.2. Functional Anatomy of the Urinary System

7.1.3. The Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney

7.1.4. The Renal Corpuscle: Bowman’s Capsule and the Glomerulus

7.2. FILTRATION, REABSORPTION, AND SECRETION

7.2.1. Filtration

7.2.2. Tubular Reabsorption

7.2.3. Secretion

7.2.4. Excretion

7.3. PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE PRODUCTION

7.3.1. Renal Clearance

7.3.2. Urine Concentration and Dilution

7.3.3. Hormonal Regulation of Urine Production

7.4. ACID/BASE BALANCE

7.4.2. Respiratory System

7.4.4. Acid Base Disturbances

8.0. MODULE 8: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

8.1. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

8.1.1. Layers of Alimentary Canal of the Digestive System

8.1.2. Enteric Nervous System

8.1.3. Organs of the Digestive System

8.2.1. Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption

8.2.2. Protein Digestion and Absorption

8.2.3. Lipid Digestion

8.3. REGULATION OF DIGESTIVE SECRETIONS

9.0. MODULE 9: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

9.1. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND HORMONES OF THE BODY

9.1.1. Overview of the Endocrine System

9.1.2. Hormone Receptors

9.1.3. Hormones of the Body

9.1.4. Other Hormones: Melatonin and Pheromones

9.2. THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND

9.2.1. Posterior Pituitary

9.2.2. Anterior Pituitary

9.3. THYROID AND ADRENAL GLANDS

9.3.1. Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

9.3.2. Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion

9.3.3. Thyroid Hormone Actions

9.3.4. Thyroid Disorders

9.3.5. Adrenal Gland

9.4.2. Regulation of Secretion of Insulin

9.4.3. Glucagon

9.4.4. Diabetes Mellitus

10.0. MODULE 10: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

10.1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY AND GERM CELLS

10.1.1. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System

10.1.2. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System

10.1.3. Mitosis and Meiosis

10.2. THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

10.2.1. Male Reproductive Endocrine Axis

10.2.2. Spermatogenesis

10.2.3. Physiology of the Male Erection and Ejaculation

10.3. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

10.3.1. Oogenesis

10.3.2. Folliculogenesis

10.3.3. Ovulation and Fertilization

10.3.4. The Menstrual Cycle: Ovarian and Uterine

10.3.5. Ovarian Cycle

10.3.6. Uterine Cycle

10.3.7. Getting Pregnant

1.4

THE CARDIAC CYCLE

Each time the heart beats, a series of highly coordinated events occurs. These events are essential for the proper pumping of the blood and include pressure changes, volume changes, and the opening and closing of valves. This series of events is known as the cardiac cycle and will be discussed in this section.

Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Measurements

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