BIO 265 Anatomy and Physiology II
1.0. MODULE 1: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
1.1. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART
1.1.1. Chambers and Circulation
1.1.2. The Layers of the Heart Wall
1.1.3. Cardiac Muscle Histology and Organization
1.2. CARDIAC CELL ACTION POTENTIALS
1.2.1. Action Potentials in Cardiac Contractile Muscle Cells
1.2.2. Action Potentials in Cardiac Autorhythmic Cells
1.3. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART MUSCLE
1.3.1. Heart Conduction System
1.3.2. Cardiac Excitation Coupling
1.3.3. Electrocardiogram (EKG)
1.4. THE CARDIAC CYCLE
1.4.1. Cardiac Cycle
1.4.2. Cardiac Measurements
1.5. REGULATION OF CARDIAC FUNCTION
1.5.1. Intrinsic Regulation
1.5.2. Extrinsic Regulation
1.5.3. Mean Arterial Pressure
1.5.4. Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Reflexes
2.0. MODULE 2: BLOOD
2.1. INTRODUCTION TO BLOOD, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AND BREAKDOWN
2.1.1. Functions of Blood
2.1.2. Composition of Blood
2.1.3. Hematopoiesis
2.1.4. Red Blood Cells
2.1.5. Hemoglobin
2.1.6. Erythropoiesis
2.1.7. Breaking Down Red Blood Cells
2.1.8. White Blood Cells and Platelets
2.2. HEMOSTASIS
2.2.1. Vascular Spasm
2.2.2. Platelet Plug
2.2.3. Clotting (Coagulation) Cascade
2.2.4. Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis
2.2.5. Blood Clot Regulation
2.3. BLOOD TYPING
2.3.1. Blood Antigens and Antibodies
2.3.2. ABO Blood Group System
2.3.3. Rh Blood Group System
2.3.4. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
2.4. BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
2.4.1. Arteries and Veins
2.4.2. Portal System
2.4.3. Capillaries
2.4.4. Atherosclerosis
2.5. CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
2.5.1. Edema
2.6. BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION AND SHOCK
2.6.1. Blood Pressure Explained
2.6.2. Short-Term Regulation
2.6.3. 2.6.3 - Long-Term Regulation
2.6.4. Shock
3.0. MODULE 3: IMMUNE SYSTEM
3.1. OVERVIEW OF THE LYMPHATIC AND NON-SPECIFIC INNATE RESPONSE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
3.1.1. Structure and Function of the Lymphatic System
3.1.2. Physical Barriers: First Wall of Defense
3.1.3. Internal Non-Specific Defense Mechanisms
3.2. SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE, ANTIBODIES, IMMUNITY & VACCINES
3.2.1. Specific Defenses of the Immune Response
3.2.2. Antibodies
3.2.3. Immunological Memory
3.2.4. Vaccines, Autoimmunity and Allergies
4.0. MODULE 4: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
4.1. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
4.1.1. Functions of the Integumentary System
4.1.2. Composition of the Skin
4.1.3. Skin Color
4.1.4. Skin Cancer
4.2. HAIR
4.2.1. Types of Hair
4.2.2. Structure of Hair
4.2.3. Hair Growth
4.2.4. Hair Loss
5.0. MODULE 5: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
5.1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND VENTILATION
5.1.1. Respiratory System Function
5.1.2. Respiratory Structure
5.1.3. Respiratory Membrane
5.1.4. Alveoli and Surfactant
5.2. RESPIRATORY PRESSURES
5.2.1. Ventilation: Inspiration and Expiration
5.2.2. Pressure Differences in the Thoracic Cavity
5.2.3. Pneumothorax and Pleuritis
5.2.4. Respiratory Volumes and Capacity
5.3. GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT
5.3.1. Rate of Diffusion
5.3.2. Gas Laws Important in Gas Exchange
5.3.3. Partial Pressure Gradients
5.3.4. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
5.4. RESPIRATORY CONTROL
5.4.1. Respiratory Control by the Medulla Oblongata
5.4.2. Chemicals that Regulate Ventilation
5.4.3. COPD and Asthma
6.0. MODULE 6: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
6.1. FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
6.1.1. Hyaline Cartilage
6.1.2. Bone Characteristics
6.1.3. Bone Classification and Anatomy
6.1.4. Bone Cells
6.1.5. Formation of Woven and Lamellar Bone
6.1.6. Bone and Blood Calcium Levels
6.2. FORMATION, GROWTH & REPAIR OF BONE
6.2.1. Fetal Development of Bone: Intramembranous and Endochondral Ossification
6.2.2. Bone Growth in Children and Repair of Bones
6.2.3. Factors that Influence Bone Growth
6.2.4. Bone Repair
7.0. MODULE 7: URINARY SYSTEM
7.1. THE KIDNEY: FUNCTION, ANATOMY, THE NEPHRON AND GLOMERULUS
7.1.1. Urinary System Function
7.1.2. Functional Anatomy of the Urinary System
7.1.3. The Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
7.1.4. The Renal Corpuscle: Bowman’s Capsule and the Glomerulus
7.2. FILTRATION, REABSORPTION, AND SECRETION
7.2.1. Filtration
7.2.2. Tubular Reabsorption
7.2.3. Secretion
7.2.4. Excretion
7.3. PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE PRODUCTION
7.3.1. Renal Clearance
7.3.2. Urine Concentration and Dilution
7.3.3. Hormonal Regulation of Urine Production
7.4. ACID/BASE BALANCE
7.4.1. Buffers
7.4.2. Respiratory System
7.4.3. Kidneys
7.4.4. Acid Base Disturbances
8.0. MODULE 8: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
8.1. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
8.1.1. Layers of Alimentary Canal of the Digestive System
8.1.2. Enteric Nervous System
8.1.3. Organs of the Digestive System
8.2. DIGESTION
8.2.1. Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
8.2.2. Protein Digestion and Absorption
8.2.3. Lipid Digestion
8.3. REGULATION OF DIGESTIVE SECRETIONS
9.0. MODULE 9: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
9.1. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND HORMONES OF THE BODY
9.1.1. Overview of the Endocrine System
9.1.2. Hormone Receptors
9.1.3. Hormones of the Body
9.1.4. Other Hormones: Melatonin and Pheromones
9.2. THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND
9.2.1. Posterior Pituitary
9.2.2. Anterior Pituitary
9.3. THYROID AND ADRENAL GLANDS
9.3.1. Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
9.3.2. Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
9.3.3. Thyroid Hormone Actions
9.3.4. Thyroid Disorders
9.3.5. Adrenal Gland
9.4. PANCREAS
9.4.1. Insulin
9.4.2. Regulation of Secretion of Insulin
9.4.3. Glucagon
9.4.4. Diabetes Mellitus
10.0. MODULE 10: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
10.1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY AND GERM CELLS
10.1.1. Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
10.1.2. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
10.1.3. Mitosis and Meiosis
10.2. THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
10.2.1. Male Reproductive Endocrine Axis
10.2.2. Spermatogenesis
10.2.3. Physiology of the Male Erection and Ejaculation
10.3. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
10.3.1. Oogenesis
10.3.2. Folliculogenesis
10.3.3. Ovulation and Fertilization
10.3.4. The Menstrual Cycle: Ovarian and Uterine
10.3.5. Ovarian Cycle
10.3.6. Uterine Cycle
10.3.7. Getting Pregnant
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MODULE 1: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Chambers and Circulation
The Layers of the Heart Wall
Cardiac Muscle Histology and Organization
CARDIAC CELL ACTION POTENTIALS
Action Potentials in Cardiac Contractile Muscle Cells
Action Potentials in Cardiac Autorhythmic Cells
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART MUSCLE
Heart Conduction System
Cardiac Excitation Coupling
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Measurements
REGULATION OF CARDIAC FUNCTION
Intrinsic Regulation
Extrinsic Regulation
Mean Arterial Pressure
Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Reflexes
MODULE 2: BLOOD
INTRODUCTION TO BLOOD, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AND BREAKDOWN
Functions of Blood
Composition of Blood
Hematopoiesis
Red Blood Cells
Hemoglobin
Erythropoiesis
Breaking Down Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells and Platelets
HEMOSTASIS
Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plug
Clotting (Coagulation) Cascade
Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis
Blood Clot Regulation
BLOOD TYPING
Blood Antigens and Antibodies
ABO Blood Group System
Rh Blood Group System
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Arteries and Veins
Portal System
Capillaries
Atherosclerosis
CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
Edema
BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION AND SHOCK
Blood Pressure Explained
Short-Term Regulation
2.6.3 - Long-Term Regulation
Shock
MODULE 3: IMMUNE SYSTEM
OVERVIEW OF THE LYMPHATIC AND NON-SPECIFIC INNATE RESPONSE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Structure and Function of the Lymphatic System
Physical Barriers: First Wall of Defense
Internal Non-Specific Defense Mechanisms
SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE, ANTIBODIES, IMMUNITY & VACCINES
Specific Defenses of the Immune Response
Antibodies
Immunological Memory
Vaccines, Autoimmunity and Allergies
MODULE 4: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Functions of the Integumentary System
Composition of the Skin
Skin Color
Skin Cancer
HAIR
Types of Hair
Structure of Hair
Hair Growth
Hair Loss
MODULE 5: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND VENTILATION
Respiratory System Function
Respiratory Structure
Respiratory Membrane
Alveoli and Surfactant
RESPIRATORY PRESSURES
Ventilation: Inspiration and Expiration
Pressure Differences in the Thoracic Cavity
Pneumothorax and Pleuritis
Respiratory Volumes and Capacity
GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT
Rate of Diffusion
Gas Laws Important in Gas Exchange
Partial Pressure Gradients
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
RESPIRATORY CONTROL
Respiratory Control by the Medulla Oblongata
Chemicals that Regulate Ventilation
COPD and Asthma
MODULE 6: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Hyaline Cartilage
Bone Characteristics
Bone Classification and Anatomy
Bone Cells
Formation of Woven and Lamellar Bone
Bone and Blood Calcium Levels
FORMATION, GROWTH & REPAIR OF BONE
Fetal Development of Bone: Intramembranous and Endochondral Ossification
Bone Growth in Children and Repair of Bones
Factors that Influence Bone Growth
Bone Repair
MODULE 7: URINARY SYSTEM
THE KIDNEY: FUNCTION, ANATOMY, THE NEPHRON AND GLOMERULUS
Urinary System Function
Functional Anatomy of the Urinary System
The Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
The Renal Corpuscle: Bowman’s Capsule and the Glomerulus
FILTRATION, REABSORPTION, AND SECRETION
Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion
PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE PRODUCTION
Renal Clearance
Urine Concentration and Dilution
Hormonal Regulation of Urine Production
ACID/BASE BALANCE
Buffers
Respiratory System
Kidneys
Acid Base Disturbances
MODULE 8: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Layers of Alimentary Canal of the Digestive System
Enteric Nervous System
Organs of the Digestive System
DIGESTION
Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
Protein Digestion and Absorption
Lipid Digestion
REGULATION OF DIGESTIVE SECRETIONS
MODULE 9: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND HORMONES OF THE BODY
Overview of the Endocrine System
Hormone Receptors
Hormones of the Body
Other Hormones: Melatonin and Pheromones
THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND
Posterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary
THYROID AND ADRENAL GLANDS
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Thyroid Hormone Actions
Thyroid Disorders
Adrenal Gland
PANCREAS
Insulin
Regulation of Secretion of Insulin
Glucagon
Diabetes Mellitus
MODULE 10: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY AND GERM CELLS
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
Mitosis and Meiosis
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male Reproductive Endocrine Axis
Spermatogenesis
Physiology of the Male Erection and Ejaculation
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Oogenesis
Folliculogenesis
Ovulation and Fertilization
The Menstrual Cycle: Ovarian and Uterine
Ovarian Cycle
Uterine Cycle
Getting Pregnant
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Abstracts
MODULE 1: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART
Chambers and Circulation
The Layers of the Heart Wall
Cardiac Muscle Histology and Organization
CARDIAC CELL ACTION POTENTIALS
Action Potentials in Cardiac Contractile Muscle Cells
Action Potentials in Cardiac Autorhythmic Cells
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART MUSCLE
Heart Conduction System
Cardiac Excitation Coupling
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
THE CARDIAC CYCLE
Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Measurements
REGULATION OF CARDIAC FUNCTION
Intrinsic Regulation
Extrinsic Regulation
Mean Arterial Pressure
Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Reflexes
MODULE 2: BLOOD
INTRODUCTION TO BLOOD, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AND BREAKDOWN
Functions of Blood
Composition of Blood
Hematopoiesis
Red Blood Cells
Hemoglobin
Erythropoiesis
Breaking Down Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells and Platelets
HEMOSTASIS
Vascular Spasm
Platelet Plug
Clotting (Coagulation) Cascade
Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis
Blood Clot Regulation
BLOOD TYPING
Blood Antigens and Antibodies
ABO Blood Group System
Rh Blood Group System
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
BLOOD VESSEL STRUCTURE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Arteries and Veins
Portal System
Capillaries
Atherosclerosis
CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
Edema
BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION AND SHOCK
Blood Pressure Explained
Short-Term Regulation
2.6.3 - Long-Term Regulation
Shock
MODULE 3: IMMUNE SYSTEM
OVERVIEW OF THE LYMPHATIC AND NON-SPECIFIC INNATE RESPONSE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Structure and Function of the Lymphatic System
Physical Barriers: First Wall of Defense
Internal Non-Specific Defense Mechanisms
SPECIFIC ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE, ANTIBODIES, IMMUNITY & VACCINES
Specific Defenses of the Immune Response
Antibodies
Immunological Memory
Vaccines, Autoimmunity and Allergies
MODULE 4: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Functions of the Integumentary System
Composition of the Skin
Skin Color
Skin Cancer
HAIR
Types of Hair
Structure of Hair
Hair Growth
Hair Loss
MODULE 5: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND VENTILATION
Respiratory System Function
Respiratory Structure
Respiratory Membrane
Alveoli and Surfactant
RESPIRATORY PRESSURES
Ventilation: Inspiration and Expiration
Pressure Differences in the Thoracic Cavity
Pneumothorax and Pleuritis
Respiratory Volumes and Capacity
GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT
Rate of Diffusion
Gas Laws Important in Gas Exchange
Partial Pressure Gradients
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
RESPIRATORY CONTROL
Respiratory Control by the Medulla Oblongata
Chemicals that Regulate Ventilation
COPD and Asthma
MODULE 6: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Hyaline Cartilage
Bone Characteristics
Bone Classification and Anatomy
Bone Cells
Formation of Woven and Lamellar Bone
Bone and Blood Calcium Levels
FORMATION, GROWTH & REPAIR OF BONE
Fetal Development of Bone: Intramembranous and Endochondral Ossification
Bone Growth in Children and Repair of Bones
Factors that Influence Bone Growth
Bone Repair
MODULE 7: URINARY SYSTEM
THE KIDNEY: FUNCTION, ANATOMY, THE NEPHRON AND GLOMERULUS
Urinary System Function
Functional Anatomy of the Urinary System
The Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
The Renal Corpuscle: Bowman’s Capsule and the Glomerulus
FILTRATION, REABSORPTION, AND SECRETION
Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion
PHYSIOLOGY OF URINE PRODUCTION
Renal Clearance
Urine Concentration and Dilution
Hormonal Regulation of Urine Production
ACID/BASE BALANCE
Buffers
Respiratory System
Kidneys
Acid Base Disturbances
MODULE 8: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Layers of Alimentary Canal of the Digestive System
Enteric Nervous System
Organs of the Digestive System
DIGESTION
Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption
Protein Digestion and Absorption
Lipid Digestion
REGULATION OF DIGESTIVE SECRETIONS
MODULE 9: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND HORMONES OF THE BODY
Overview of the Endocrine System
Hormone Receptors
Hormones of the Body
Other Hormones: Melatonin and Pheromones
THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND
Posterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary
THYROID AND ADRENAL GLANDS
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion
Thyroid Hormone Actions
Thyroid Disorders
Adrenal Gland
PANCREAS
Insulin
Regulation of Secretion of Insulin
Glucagon
Diabetes Mellitus
MODULE 10: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY AND GERM CELLS
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
Mitosis and Meiosis
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Male Reproductive Endocrine Axis
Spermatogenesis
Physiology of the Male Erection and Ejaculation
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Oogenesis
Folliculogenesis
Ovulation and Fertilization
The Menstrual Cycle: Ovarian and Uterine
Ovarian Cycle
Uterine Cycle
Getting Pregnant