• BIO 381 Pathophysiology
  • Cover
  • WEEK 1. INNATE IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION
  • WEEK 2. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, LEUKEMIA, AND OTHER BLOOD CELL PATHOLOGIES
  • WEEK 3. HEMOSTASIS AND RED BLOOD CELLS
  • WEEK 4. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
  • WEEK 5. ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
  • WEEK 6. NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
  • WEEK 7. MIDTERM EXAM
  • WEEK 8. DISORDERS OF GI FUNCTION
  • WEEK 9. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
  • WEEK 10. SKELETAL, VISION, AND HEARING DISORDERS
  • WEEK 11. PAIN, HEADACHE, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS
  • WEEK 12. RENAL DISORDERS
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    Life SciencesPathologyPathophysiology

    BIO 381 Pathophysiology

    Table of Contents

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    WEEK 1. INNATE IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION1
    1.1. Innate Immunity3
    1.1.1. The First Line of Defense5
    1.2. The Second Line of Defense – Inflammation and Complement System9
    1.2.1. Characteristics of Inflammation11
    1.2.2. The Inflammatory Response13
    1.2.3. Drugs for Inflammation and Dietary Contributions19
    1.2.4. The Complement System21
    WEEK 2. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, LEUKEMIA, AND OTHER BLOOD CELL PATHOLOGIES25
    2.1. Adaptive Immunity27
    2.1.1. Lymphoid Tissue29
    2.1.2. Thymic Selection33
    2.1.3. Antigens and Antigen Processing35
    2.1.4. Humoral Immunity 37
    2.1.5. Cell-Mediated Immunity 41
    2.1.6. Type I Hypersensitivity45
    2.1.7. Type II Hypersensitivity 47
    2.1.8. Type III Hypersensitivity49
    2.1.9. Type IV Hypersensitivity51
    2.2. Neutropenia, Mononucleosis, Leukemia and Lymphoma 53
    2.2.1. Hematopoiesis and Colony-Stimulating Factors55
    2.2.2. Neutropenia57
    2.2.3. Infectious Mononucleosis 59
    2.2.4. Leukemia 61
    2.2.5. Lymphoma65
    2.2.6. Multiple Myeloma 67
    WEEK 3. HEMOSTASIS AND RED BLOOD CELLS69
    3.1. Hemostasis71
    3.1.1. Healthy Endothelium – Endogenous Antiplatelets and Anticoagulants73
    3.1.2. The Stages of Hemostasis77
    3.1.3. Inherited (Primary) Disorders NOT Involving Platelets83
    3.1.4. Inherited (Primary) Disorders Involving Platelets85
    3.1.5. Acquired (Secondary) Disorders NOT Directly Involving Platelets87
    3.1.6. Acquired (Secondary) Disorders Directly Involving Platelets91
    3.2. Red Blood Cells97
    3.2.1. Hemoglobin and the Breakdown of Hemoglobin99
    3.2.2. Important Red Blood Cell Lab Tests103
    3.2.3. Disorders of the Red Blood Cell Membrane 105
    3.2.4. Types of Thalassemia109
    3.2.5. Role of Iron and Iron Deficiency Anemia111
    3.2.6. Megaloblastic Anemias117
    3.2.7. Aplastic and Chronic Disease Anemia119
    3.2.8. Polycythemia 121
    WEEK 4. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM123
    4.1. Disorders of Blood Vessels125
    4.1.1. Lipid and Lipoprotein Processing127
    4.1.2. Atherosclerosis131
    4.1.3. Hypertension 135
    4.1.4. Hypotension141
    4.1.5. Disorders of Venous Circulation 143
    4.1.6. Disorders of Arterial Circulation 147
    4.2. Disorders of the Heart149
    4.2.1. Infective Endocarditis151
    4.2.2. Rheumatic Heart Disease 153
    4.2.3. Cardiomyopathies 155
    4.2.4. Heart Failure157
    4.2.5. Shock165
    WEEK 5. ENDOCRINE DISORDERS169
    5.1. Endocrine Disorders (Adenomas, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, and Thyroid Hormone)173
    5.1.1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation175
    5.1.2. Pituitary Adenomas179
    5.1.3. Prolactin (PRL) Disorders181
    5.1.4. Growth Hormone Disorders183
    5.1.5. Thyroid Hormone Disorders187
    5.2. Endocrine Disorders (Aldosterone, Cortisol, and ADH)193
    5.2.1. Adrenal Gland195
    5.2.2. Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid)197
    5.2.3. Cortisol (Glucocorticoids)199
    5.2.4. Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)203
    WEEK 6. NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS207
    6.1. Disorders of Neuromuscular Function 209
    6.1.1. Muscular Dystrophy211
    6.1.2. Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction213
    6.1.3. Polyneuropathies and Guillain-Barre Syndrome217
    6.1.4. Parkinson’s Disease (PD)219
    6.1.5. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)223
    6.1.6. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)225
    6.2. Disorders of Brain Function 229
    6.2.1. Stroke231
    6.2.2. Meningitis and Encephalitis235
    6.2.3. Seizures239
    6.2.4. Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease243
    6.2.5. Narcolepsy247
    WEEK 7. MIDTERM EXAM249
    WEEK 8. DISORDERS OF GI FUNCTION251
    8.1. Disorders of GI Function Part I 253
    8.1.1. GI Tract Anatomy255
    8.1.2. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)257
    8.1.3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease259
    8.1.4. Infectious Enterocolitis263
    8.1.5. Clostridium difficile Colitis265
    8.1.6. E. Coli 0157:H7 and HUS267
    8.2. Disorders of GI Function Part II271
    8.2.1. Diverticular Disease273
    8.2.2. Intestinal Obstruction275
    8.2.3. GI Issues Involving Gluten277
    8.2.4. Disorders of the Esophagus281
    8.2.5. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)283
    8.2.6. Gastritis287
    8.2.7. Peptic Ulcers291
    WEEK 9. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS293
    9.1. Disorders of Respiratory Function Part I 295
    9.1.1. Disorders of the Pleura297
    9.1.2. Pneumothorax301
    9.1.3. Atelectasis303
    9.1.4. Asthma305
    9.2. Disorders of Respiratory Function Part II311
    9.2.1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 313
    9.2.2. The Common Cold and Rhinosinusitis319
    9.2.3. Influenza323
    9.2.4. Pneumonia329
    9.2.5. Tuberculosis (TB)333
    WEEK 10. SKELETAL, VISION, AND HEARING DISORDERS337
    10.1. Disorders of the Skeletal System 339
    10.1.1. Mechanisms of Bone Remodeling341
    10.1.2. Osteopenia and Osteoporosis343
    10.1.3. Osteomalacia, Rickets, and Paget’s Disease349
    10.1.4. Osteoarthritis (OA)353
    10.1.5. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)359
    10.1.6. Gout365
    10.2. Vision and Hearing Disorders 367
    10.2.1. Conjunctivitis369
    10.2.2. The Retina, Retinopathies, and Retinal Detachment371
    10.2.3. Macular Degeneration377
    10.2.4. Glaucoma381
    10.2.5. Disorders of the Lens385
    10.2.6. Disorders of Neural Pathways387
    10.2.7. Disorders of the Ear - Otitis391
    10.2.8. Disorders of the Ear - Otosclerosis, Tinnitus, and Hearing Loss393
    WEEK 11. PAIN, HEADACHE, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS395
    11.1. Pain and Headaches 397
    11.1.1. Introduction to Pain and Pain Assessments399
    11.1.2. Pain Transduction401
    11.1.3. Pain Transmission407
    11.1.4. Pain Perception411
    11.1.5. Pain Modulation413
    11.1.6. The Gate-Control Theory of Pain417
    11.1.7. Types of Pain419
    11.1.8. Pain Medication421
    11.1.9. Headaches423
    11.2. Reproductive System Disorders427
    11.2.1. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer429
    11.2.2. Disorders of the Uterus435
    11.2.3. Review of the Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle441
    11.2.4. Disorders of the Ovary445
    11.2.5. Breast Structures and Breast Cancer449
    WEEK 12. RENAL DISORDERS 453
    12.1. Renal Dysfunctions, PKD, Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes, and Obstructive Disorders455
    12.1.1. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)457
    12.1.2. Disorders of the Glomerulus461
    12.1.3. Obstructive Disorders and Kidney Stones467
    12.2. Kidney Functions Tests, UTI and AKI471
    12.2.1. Kidney Function Tests473
    12.2.2. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)477
    12.2.3. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)483

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