BIO 381 Pathophysiology

WEEK 1. INNATE IMMUNITY AND INFLAMMATION

1.1. Innate Immunity

1.1.1. The First Line of Defense

1.2. The Second Line of Defense – Inflammation and Complement System

1.2.1. Characteristics of Inflammation

1.2.2. The Inflammatory Response

1.2.3. Drugs for Inflammation and Dietary Contributions

1.2.4. The Complement System

WEEK 2. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, LEUKEMIA, AND OTHER BLOOD CELL PATHOLOGIES

2.1. Adaptive Immunity

2.1.1. Lymphoid Tissue

2.1.2. Thymic Selection

2.1.3. Antigens and Antigen Processing

2.1.4. Humoral Immunity

2.1.5. Cell-Mediated Immunity

2.1.6. Type I Hypersensitivity

2.1.7. Type II Hypersensitivity

2.1.8. Type III Hypersensitivity

2.1.9. Type IV Hypersensitivity

2.2. Neutropenia, Mononucleosis, Leukemia and Lymphoma

2.2.1. Hematopoiesis and Colony-Stimulating Factors

2.2.2. Neutropenia

2.2.3. Infectious Mononucleosis

2.2.4. Leukemia

2.2.5. Lymphoma

2.2.6. Multiple Myeloma

WEEK 3. HEMOSTASIS AND RED BLOOD CELLS

3.1. Hemostasis

3.1.1. Healthy Endothelium – Endogenous Antiplatelets and Anticoagulants

3.1.2. The Stages of Hemostasis

3.1.3. Inherited (Primary) Disorders NOT Involving Platelets

3.1.4. Inherited (Primary) Disorders Involving Platelets

3.1.5. Acquired (Secondary) Disorders NOT Directly Involving Platelets

3.1.6. Acquired (Secondary) Disorders Directly Involving Platelets

3.2. Red Blood Cells

3.2.1. Hemoglobin and the Breakdown of Hemoglobin

3.2.2. Important Red Blood Cell Lab Tests

3.2.3. Disorders of the Red Blood Cell Membrane

3.2.4. Types of Thalassemia

3.2.5. Role of Iron and Iron Deficiency Anemia

3.2.6. Megaloblastic Anemias

3.2.7. Aplastic and Chronic Disease Anemia

3.2.8. Polycythemia

WEEK 4. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

4.1. Disorders of Blood Vessels

4.1.1. Lipid and Lipoprotein Processing

4.1.2. Atherosclerosis

4.1.3. Hypertension

4.1.4. Hypotension

4.1.5. Disorders of Venous Circulation

4.1.6. Disorders of Arterial Circulation

4.2. Disorders of the Heart

4.2.1. Infective Endocarditis

4.2.2. Rheumatic Heart Disease

4.2.3. Cardiomyopathies

4.2.4. Heart Failure

WEEK 5. ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

5.1. Endocrine Disorders (Adenomas, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, and Thyroid Hormone)

5.1.1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation

5.1.2. Pituitary Adenomas

5.1.3. Prolactin (PRL) Disorders

5.1.4. Growth Hormone Disorders

5.1.5. Thyroid Hormone Disorders

5.2. Endocrine Disorders (Aldosterone, Cortisol, and ADH)

5.2.1. Adrenal Gland

5.2.2. Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid)

5.2.3. Cortisol (Glucocorticoids)

5.2.4. Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

WEEK 6. NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

6.1. Disorders of Neuromuscular Function

6.1.1. Muscular Dystrophy

6.1.2. Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction

6.1.3. Polyneuropathies and Guillain-Barre Syndrome

6.1.4. Parkinson’s Disease (PD)

6.1.5. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

6.1.6. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

6.2. Disorders of Brain Function

6.2.2. Meningitis and Encephalitis

6.2.3. Seizures

6.2.4. Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease

6.2.5. Narcolepsy

WEEK 7. MIDTERM EXAM

WEEK 8. DISORDERS OF GI FUNCTION

8.1. Disorders of GI Function Part I

8.1.1. GI Tract Anatomy

8.1.2. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

8.1.3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease

8.1.4. Infectious Enterocolitis

8.1.5. Clostridium difficile Colitis

8.1.6. E. Coli 0157:H7 and HUS

8.2. Disorders of GI Function Part II

8.2.1. Diverticular Disease

8.2.2. Intestinal Obstruction

8.2.3. GI Issues Involving Gluten

8.2.4. Disorders of the Esophagus

8.2.5. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

8.2.6. Gastritis

8.2.7. Peptic Ulcers

WEEK 9. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

9.1. Disorders of Respiratory Function Part I

9.1.1. Disorders of the Pleura

9.1.2. Pneumothorax

9.1.3. Atelectasis

9.2. Disorders of Respiratory Function Part II

9.2.1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

9.2.2. The Common Cold and Rhinosinusitis

9.2.3. Influenza

9.2.4. Pneumonia

9.2.5. Tuberculosis (TB)

WEEK 10. SKELETAL, VISION, AND HEARING DISORDERS

10.1. Disorders of the Skeletal System

10.1.1. Mechanisms of Bone Remodeling

10.1.2. Osteopenia and Osteoporosis

10.1.3. Osteomalacia, Rickets, and Paget’s Disease

10.1.4. Osteoarthritis (OA)

10.1.5. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

10.2. Vision and Hearing Disorders

10.2.1. Conjunctivitis

10.2.2. The Retina, Retinopathies, and Retinal Detachment

10.2.3. Macular Degeneration

10.2.4. Glaucoma

10.2.5. Disorders of the Lens

10.2.6. Disorders of Neural Pathways

10.2.7. Disorders of the Ear - Otitis

10.2.8. Disorders of the Ear - Otosclerosis, Tinnitus, and Hearing Loss

WEEK 11. PAIN, HEADACHE, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS

11.1. Pain and Headaches

11.1.1. Introduction to Pain and Pain Assessments

11.1.2. Pain Transduction

11.1.3. Pain Transmission

11.1.4. Pain Perception

11.1.5. Pain Modulation

11.1.6. The Gate-Control Theory of Pain

11.1.7. Types of Pain

11.1.8. Pain Medication

11.1.9. Headaches

11.2. Reproductive System Disorders

11.2.1. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer

11.2.2. Disorders of the Uterus

11.2.3. Review of the Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle

11.2.4. Disorders of the Ovary

11.2.5. Breast Structures and Breast Cancer

WEEK 12. RENAL DISORDERS

12.1. Renal Dysfunctions, PKD, Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes, and Obstructive Disorders

12.1.1. Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

12.1.2. Disorders of the Glomerulus

12.1.3. Obstructive Disorders and Kidney Stones

12.2. Kidney Functions Tests, UTI and AKI

12.2.1. Kidney Function Tests

12.2.2. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

12.2.3. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

WEEK 11

PAIN, HEADACHE, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS

Objectives:

Describe the term nociception and the four phases of nociception.
Discuss how peripheral sensitization leads to hyperalgesia.
Describe how capsaicin works on its receptor.
Explain the four different types of afferent axon fibers and what sense they transmit.
Describe the DCML and ALS tracts for pain transmission.
Explain how descending pathways and opioids work to regulate pain.
Explain how pain may be regulated through the gate control theory.
Discuss the different types of pain and how they are categorized.
Describe how common pain medication works to modulate pain.
Compare and contrast the different types of headaches (migraine, tension, cluster, and chronic).
Describe some common medications to treat headaches.
Describe benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer and how they differ.
Discuss common disorders of the uterus (PID, endometriosis, adenomyosis, etc.)
Describe the normal physiology of the menstrual, ovarian, and follicular cycles.
Discuss the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and ovarian cancer.
Recall the signs, symptoms, and risk factors for breast cancer.

Vocabulary:

Adenomyosis
Allodynia
ALS pathway
Androgen
Aromatase
Aura
BPH
Bradykinin
BRCA 1 and 2
Capsaicin
CGRP
Corpus albicans
Corpus luteum
DCML pathway

DHT

DNIC
Enkephalin and endorphin
Endometriosis
Estrogen
Follicular and luteal phases
Gate control theory of pain
GnRH, LH, FSH
Granulosa cell
Hirsutism
Hyperalgesia
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy

Hysterectomy
Leiomyoma
LH surge
Menses
Nociception
Ovulatory age
Ovulation
PID
Proliferative and secretory phases
Progesterone
PSA
SERM
Substance P

Theca cell

Pain and Headaches Introduction to Pain and Pain Assessments Pain Transduction Pain Transmission Pain Perception Pain Modulation The Gate-Control Theory of Pain Types of Pain Pain Medication Headaches Reproductive System Disorders Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer Disorders of the Uterus Review of the Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle Disorders of the Ovary Breast Structures and Breast Cancer

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