• BIO 461 Principles of Physiology
  • Cover
  • Module 1.0. Homeostasis, Membranes, Electrophysiology and ANS
  • Module 2.0. Skeletal Muscle and Special Senses
  • Module 3.0. Cardiovascular System
  • Module 4.0. Urinary and Respiratory Systems
  • Module 5.0. Digestive, Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
  • Appendix A. Gender
  • Appendix B. The Placebo Effect
  • test chapter
  • Abstracts
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    ScienceLife Sciences

    BIO 461 Principles of Physiology

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    Table of Contents

    Begin Reading
    Module 1.0. Homeostasis, Membranes, Electrophysiology and ANS1
    1.1. Homeostasis3
    1.1.1. Homeostasis Defined5
    1.1.2. Homeostatic Control Systems7
    1.1.3. Feedback Response Loop11
    1.2. Cell Transport; Water & Solutes15
    1.2.1. Fluid Compartments17
    1.2.2. Osmosis19
    1.2.3. Diffusion of Solutes25
    1.2.4. Active Transport31
    1.2.5. Bulk Transport33
    1.3. Electrophysiology39
    1.3.1. Ions and Cell Membranes41
    1.3.2. Membrane Potentials45
    1.3.3. Graded Potential51
    1.3.4. Action Potentials53
    1.3.5. Refractory Periods55
    1.3.6. Propagation of an Action Potential59
    1.4. The Synapse63
    1.5. The Autonomic Nervous System69
    1.5.1. Organization of the Nervous System71
    1.5.2. Structural Organization of the ANS73
    1.5.3. The SNS and the PNS77
    1.5.4. The Enteric Nervous System79
    1.5.5. Physiology of the ANS81
    1.5.6. Neurotransmitters of the ANS83
    1.5.7. Receptors of the ANS87
    1.5.8. Actions of the Autonomic Nervous System89
    1.5.9. Table of Actions for the SNS and PNS and Some Common Drugs93
    Module 2.0. Skeletal Muscle and Special Senses97
    2.1. Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle99
    2.2.1. Neuromuscular Junction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling107
    2.2.2. Muscle Contractures and Cramps113
    2.3. Whole Muscle Contraction, Fiber Type, Fatigue and Muscle Pharmacology115
    2.3.1. Motor Units117
    2.3.2. Factors that Influence the Force of Contraction119
    2.3.3. Energy Source for Muscle Contraction123
    2.3.4. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types125
    2.3.5. Fatigue127
    2.3.6. Muscle Pharmacology131
    2.4. Smooth Muscle133
    2.4.1. Smooth Muscle Contraction135
    2.5. Control of Body Movement139
    2.5.1. Voluntary Control of Muscle141
    2.5.2. Reflexes143
    2.6. Taste and Smell153
    2.6.1. Taste155
    2.6.2. The Sense of Smell159
    2.7. Vision161
    2.7.1. Structure of the Eye163
    2.7.2. Focusing Light on the Retina167
    2.7.3. Converting Light to Action Potentials171
    2.7.4. The Retina173
    2.7.5. Phototransduction177
    2.7.6. Receptive Fields181
    2.8. Hearing and Equilibrium185
    2.8.1. The Nature of Sound187
    2.8.2. The Hearing Apparatus189
    2.8.3. Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials193
    2.8.4. The Sense of Balance and Equilibrium197
    Module 3.0. Cardiovascular System199
    3.1. Structure of the Heart201
    3.1.1. Chambers and Circulation203
    3.2. Cardiac Cell Action Potentials209
    3.2.1. Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle Cells211
    3.2.2. Action Potentials in Cardiac Autorhythmic cells215
    3.2.3. Cellular Mechanisms of Inotropy and Chronotropy219
    3.3. Electrophysiology of Heart Muscle223
    3.3.1. Heart Conduction System225
    3.3.2. Electrocardiogram (ECG)229
    3.3.3. Abnormal ECG - Current of Injury237
    3.4. The Cardiac Cycle241
    3.4.1. Cardiac cycle243
    3.4.2. Cardiac Measurements and Pressure Volume Loops247
    3.5. Blood vessels and Blood Pressure257
    3.5.1. Arteries and Veins259
    3.5.2. Capillaries263
    3.5.3. Blood Pressure Regulation and Shock267
    3.5.4. Capillary Exchange275
    3.5.5. Myogenic and Paracrine Regulation of Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation281
    3.6. Blood283
    3.6.1. Composition of Blood285
    3.6.2. Hematopoeisis287
    3.6.3. Breaking Down Red Blood Cells291
    3.6.4. Hemostasis295
    Module 4.0. Urinary and Respiratory Systems305
    4.1. Function and Structure of the Kidney307
    4.1.1. Urinary System Function309
    4.1.2. Functional Anatomy of the Urinary System311
    4.1.3. The Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney315
    4.1.4. The Renal Corpuscle: Bowman's Capsule317
    4.2. Physiology of Urine Production321
    4.2.1. Filtration323
    4.2.2. Renal Clearance327
    4.2.3. Tubular Reabsorption331
    4.2.4. Urine Concentration and Dilution345
    4.2.5. Hormonal Regulation of Urine Production349
    4.3. Acid/Base Balance355
    4.3.1. Buffers357
    4.3.2. Acid/Base Disturbances361
    4.4. The Respiratory System369
    4.4.1. Respiratory System Structure and Function371
    4.4.2. Respiratory Membrane373
    4.4.3. Respiratory pressures and Inspriation/Expiration375
    4.4.4. Alveoli and Surfactant381
    4.4.5. Pneumothorax385
    4.4.6. Pressure-Volume Loops and the Work of Breathing387
    4.5. Gas Exchange and Transport397
    4.5.1. Gas Laws399
    4.5.2. Partial Pressure Gradients in the Lung403
    4.5.3. Alveolar Gas Equation407
    4.5.4. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood409
    4.5.5. Alveolar Ventilation417
    4.5.6. Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio421
    4.6. Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema423
    4.6.1. Respiratory Control by the Medulla Oblongata427
    4.6.2. Chemicals that Regulate Ventilation431
    Module 5.0. Digestive, Endocrine and Reproductive Systems433
    5.1. Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System435
    5.1.1. Layers of the Digestive Tract437
    5.1.2. Enteric Nervous System439
    5.1.3. Organs of the Digestive System441
    5.2. Digestion447
    5.2.1. Carbohydrates449
    5.2.2. Proteins455
    5.2.3. Lipids459
    5.2.4. Lipoproteins465
    5.3. Regulation of Digestive Secretions469
    5.4. Endocrine System477
    5.4.1. Overview of the Endocrine System479
    5.4.2. Hormone Receptors483
    5.4.3. Hormones of the Body489
    5.4.4. Other Hormones: Melatonin and Pheromones495
    5.5. The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland497
    5.5.1. Structure and Function of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland499
    5.5.2. The Posterior Pituitary501
    5.5.3. The Anterior Pituitary503
    5.5.4. Growth Hormone505
    5.5.5. Prolactin509
    5.5.6. Thyroid Hormones511
    5.5.7. Adrenal Hormones519
    5.6. Pancreas523
    5.6.1. Insulin and Glucagon525
    5.6.2. Diabetes Mellitus531
    5.7. Reproductive System Anatomy537
    5.7.1. Female Reproductive Anatomy539
    5.7.2. Male Reproductive Anatomy543
    5.7.3. Sexual Development at Puberty547
    5.7.4. Male Reproductive Endocrine Axis549
    5.7.5. Spermatogenesis553
    5.7.6. Female Reproductive System: Oogenesis557
    5.7.7. Ovulation and Fertilization561
    5.7.8. The Ovarian Cycle565
    5.7.9. The Uterine Cycle571
    5.7.10. Pregnancy575
    Appendix A. Gender577
    Appendix B. The Placebo Effect583
    B.2.1. The Placebo Effect585
    B.2.2. Examples of the Placebo Effect587
    B.2.3. How do Placebos Work?589
    B.2.4. Are Placebos Ethical?591
    B.2.5. How do we validate actual effectiveness of placebos593
    B.2.6. Tips for evaluating scientific evidence595
    B.2.7. What about Faith Healings599
    Jason Shaw

    Brigham Young University, Idaho

    Jason Hunt

    Brigham Young University, Idaho

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