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Homeostasis, Membranes, Electrophysiology and ANS Homeostasis Homeostasis Defined Homeostatic Control Systems Feedback Response Loop Cell Transport; Water & Solutes Fluid Compartments Osmosis Diffusion of Solutes Active Transport Bulk Transport Electrophysiology Ions and Cell Membranes Membrane Potentials Graded Potential Action Potentials Refractory Periods Propagation of an Action Potential The Synapse The Autonomic Nervous System Organization of the Nervous System Structural Organization of the ANS The SNS and the PNS The Enteric Nervous System Physiology of the ANS Neurotransmitters of the ANS Receptors of the ANS Actions of the Autonomic Nervous System Table of Actions for the SNS and PNS and Some Common Drugs Skeletal Muscle and Special Senses Muscle Fiber Anatomy Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle T-tubules and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Fiber Contraction Neuromuscular Junction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling Muscle Contractures and Cramps Whole Muscle Contraction, Fiber Type, Fatigue and Muscle Pharmacology Motor Units Factors that Influence the Force of Contraction Energy Source for Muscle Contraction Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types Fatigue Muscle Pharmacology Smooth Muscle Smooth Muscle Contraction Control of Body Movement Voluntary Control of Muscle Reflexes Taste and Smell Taste The Sense of Smell Vision Structure of the Eye Focusing Light on the Retina Converting Light to Action Potentials The Retina Phototransduction Receptive Fields Hearing and Equilibrium The Nature of Sound The Hearing Apparatus Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials The Sense of Balance and Equilibrium Cardiovascular System Structure of the Heart Chambers and Circulation Cardiac Cell Action Potentials Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle Cells Action Potentials in Cardiac Autorhythmic cells Cellular Mechanisms of Inotropy and Chronotropy Electrophysiology of Heart Muscle Heart Conduction System Electrocardiogram (ECG) Abnormal ECG - Current of Injury The Cardiac Cycle Cardiac cycle Cardiac Measurements and Pressure Volume Loops Blood vessels and Blood Pressure Arteries and Veins Capillaries Blood Pressure Regulation and Shock Capillary Exchange Myogenic and Paracrine Regulation of Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation Blood Composition of Blood Hematopoeisis Breaking Down Red Blood Cells Hemostasis Urinary and Respiratory Systems Function and Structure of the Kidney Urinary System Function Functional Anatomy of the Urinary System The Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney The Renal Corpuscle: Bowman's Capsule Physiology of Urine Production Filtration Renal Clearance Tubular Reabsorption Urine Concentration and Dilution Hormonal Regulation of Urine Production Acid/Base Balance Buffers Acid/Base Disturbances The Respiratory System Respiratory System Structure and Function Respiratory Membrane Respiratory pressures and Inspriation/Expiration Alveoli and Surfactant Pneumothorax Pressure-Volume Loops and the Work of Breathing Gas Exchange and Transport Gas Laws Partial Pressure Gradients in the Lung Alveolar Gas Equation Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood Alveolar Ventilation Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema Respiratory Control by the Medulla Oblongata Chemicals that Regulate Ventilation Digestive, Endocrine and Reproductive Systems Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System Layers of the Digestive Tract Enteric Nervous System Organs of the Digestive System Digestion Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Lipoproteins Regulation of Digestive Secretions Endocrine System Overview of the Endocrine System Hormone Receptors Hormones of the Body Other Hormones: Melatonin and Pheromones The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Structure and Function of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland The Posterior Pituitary The Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormone Prolactin Thyroid Hormones Adrenal Hormones Pancreas Insulin and Glucagon Diabetes Mellitus Reproductive System Anatomy Female Reproductive Anatomy Male Reproductive Anatomy Sexual Development at Puberty Male Reproductive Endocrine Axis Spermatogenesis Female Reproductive System: Oogenesis Ovulation and Fertilization The Ovarian Cycle The Uterine Cycle Pregnancy Gender The Placebo Effect The Placebo Effect Examples of the Placebo Effect How do Placebos Work? Are Placebos Ethical? How do we validate actual effectiveness of placebos Tips for evaluating scientific evidence What about Faith HealingsQuestions and Tasks
Add a note to the content. Download the content in PDF, Microsoft Word, or other format. View a summary of the content. View available translations of the content.There are two cell types that make up the wall of the alveoli. Type I alveolar cells (also called type I pneumocytes) predominate (95%) and are simple squamous cells having the primary function of gas exchange from the alveoli to the blood. The internal surface of alveoli is moist because of the high humidity of the air coming in. These water molecules on the interior surface of the alveoli attract one another (cohesion) and cause the alveoli to collapse. Fortunately, however, the more cuboidal type II pneumocytes (also called type II pneumocytes) secrete surfactant - a detergent-like substance (amphipathic molecule) that decreases surface tension caused by the water molecules.
The respiratory membrane is what separates the inside of the alveolus from the blood. It consists of six layers that gases must cross to enter the blood from the alveoli or vice versa. Imagine molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide that must pass through the following six layers.
1) fluid covering the inside of the alveoli (surfactant)
2) squamous cells (alveolar epithelium) lining the alveoli
3) basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
4) small space between two basement membranes (interstitial space)
5) basement membrane of capillary endothelium
6) squamous cells that make up the wall of the capillaries (capillary endothelium)
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