BIO 461 Principles of Physiology
Module 1.0. Homeostasis, Membranes, Electrophysiology and ANS
1.1. Homeostasis
1.1.1. Homeostasis Defined
1.1.2. Homeostatic Control Systems
1.1.3. Feedback Response Loop
1.2. Cell Transport; Water & Solutes
1.2.1. Fluid Compartments
1.2.2. Osmosis
1.2.3. Diffusion of Solutes
1.2.4. Active Transport
1.2.5. Bulk Transport
1.3. Electrophysiology
1.3.1. Ions and Cell Membranes
1.3.2. Membrane Potentials
1.3.3. Graded Potential
1.3.4. Action Potentials
1.3.5. Refractory Periods
1.3.6. Propagation of an Action Potential
1.4. The Synapse
1.5. The Autonomic Nervous System
1.5.1. Organization of the Nervous System
1.5.2. Structural Organization of the ANS
1.5.3. The SNS and the PNS
1.5.4. The Enteric Nervous System
1.5.5. Physiology of the ANS
1.5.6. Neurotransmitters of the ANS
1.5.7. Receptors of the ANS
1.5.8. Actions of the Autonomic Nervous System
1.5.9. Table of Actions for the SNS and PNS and Some Common Drugs
Module 2.0. Skeletal Muscle and Special Senses
2.1. Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle
2.2.1. Neuromuscular Junction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling
2.2.2. Muscle Contractures and Cramps
2.3. Whole Muscle Contraction, Fiber Type, Fatigue and Muscle Pharmacology
2.3.1. Motor Units
2.3.2. Factors that Influence the Force of Contraction
2.3.3. Energy Source for Muscle Contraction
2.3.4. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
2.3.5. Fatigue
2.3.6. Muscle Pharmacology
2.4. Smooth Muscle
2.4.1. Smooth Muscle Contraction
2.5. Control of Body Movement
2.5.1. Voluntary Control of Muscle
2.5.2. Reflexes
2.6. Taste and Smell
2.6.1. Taste
2.6.2. The Sense of Smell
2.7. Vision
2.7.1. Structure of the Eye
2.7.2. Focusing Light on the Retina
2.7.3. Converting Light to Action Potentials
2.7.4. The Retina
2.7.5. Phototransduction
2.7.6. Receptive Fields
2.8. Hearing and Equilibrium
2.8.1. The Nature of Sound
2.8.2. The Hearing Apparatus
2.8.3. Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials
2.8.4. The Sense of Balance and Equilibrium
Module 3.0. Cardiovascular System
3.1. Structure of the Heart
3.1.1. Chambers and Circulation
3.2. Cardiac Cell Action Potentials
3.2.1. Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle Cells
3.2.2. Action Potentials in Cardiac Autorhythmic cells
3.2.3. Cellular Mechanisms of Inotropy and Chronotropy
3.3. Electrophysiology of Heart Muscle
3.3.1. Heart Conduction System
3.3.2. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
3.3.3. Abnormal ECG - Current of Injury
3.4. The Cardiac Cycle
3.4.1. Cardiac cycle
3.4.2. Cardiac Measurements and Pressure Volume Loops
3.5. Blood vessels and Blood Pressure
3.5.1. Arteries and Veins
3.5.2. Capillaries
3.5.3. Blood Pressure Regulation and Shock
3.5.4. Capillary Exchange
3.5.5. Myogenic and Paracrine Regulation of Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation
3.6. Blood
3.6.1. Composition of Blood
3.6.2. Hematopoeisis
3.6.3. Breaking Down Red Blood Cells
3.6.4. Hemostasis
Module 4.0. Urinary and Respiratory Systems
4.1. Function and Structure of the Kidney
4.1.1. Urinary System Function
4.1.2. Functional Anatomy of the Urinary System
4.1.3. The Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
4.1.4. The Renal Corpuscle: Bowman's Capsule
4.2. Physiology of Urine Production
4.2.1. Filtration
4.2.2. Renal Clearance
4.2.3. Tubular Reabsorption
4.2.4. Urine Concentration and Dilution
4.2.5. Hormonal Regulation of Urine Production
4.3. Acid/Base Balance
4.3.1. Buffers
4.3.2. Acid/Base Disturbances
4.4. The Respiratory System
4.4.1. Respiratory System Structure and Function
4.4.2. Respiratory Membrane
4.4.3. Respiratory pressures and Inspriation/Expiration
4.4.4. Alveoli and Surfactant
4.4.5. Pneumothorax
4.4.6. Pressure-Volume Loops and the Work of Breathing
4.5. Gas Exchange and Transport
4.5.1. Gas Laws
4.5.2. Partial Pressure Gradients in the Lung
4.5.3. Alveolar Gas Equation
4.5.4. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
4.5.5. Alveolar Ventilation
4.5.6. Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio
4.6. Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
4.6.1. Respiratory Control by the Medulla Oblongata
4.6.2. Chemicals that Regulate Ventilation
Module 5.0. Digestive, Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
5.1. Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System
5.1.1. Layers of the Digestive Tract
5.1.2. Enteric Nervous System
5.1.3. Organs of the Digestive System
5.2. Digestion
5.2.1. Carbohydrates
5.2.2. Proteins
5.2.3. Lipids
5.2.4. Lipoproteins
5.3. Regulation of Digestive Secretions
5.4. Endocrine System
5.4.1. Overview of the Endocrine System
5.4.2. Hormone Receptors
5.4.3. Hormones of the Body
5.4.4. Other Hormones: Melatonin and Pheromones
5.5. The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
5.5.1. Structure and Function of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
5.5.2. The Posterior Pituitary
5.5.3. The Anterior Pituitary
5.5.4. Growth Hormone
5.5.5. Prolactin
5.5.6. Thyroid Hormones
5.5.7. Adrenal Hormones
5.6. Pancreas
5.6.1. Insulin and Glucagon
5.6.2. Diabetes Mellitus
5.7. Reproductive System Anatomy
5.7.1. Female Reproductive Anatomy
5.7.2. Male Reproductive Anatomy
5.7.3. Sexual Development at Puberty
5.7.4. Male Reproductive Endocrine Axis
5.7.5. Spermatogenesis
5.7.6. Female Reproductive System: Oogenesis
5.7.7. Ovulation and Fertilization
5.7.8. The Ovarian Cycle
5.7.9. The Uterine Cycle
5.7.10. Pregnancy
Appendix A. Gender
Appendix B. The Placebo Effect
B.2.1. The Placebo Effect
B.2.2. Examples of the Placebo Effect
B.2.3. How do Placebos Work?
B.2.4. Are Placebos Ethical?
B.2.5. How do we validate actual effectiveness of placebos
B.2.6. Tips for evaluating scientific evidence
B.2.7. What about Faith Healings
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Abstracts
Homeostasis, Membranes, Electrophysiology and ANS
Homeostasis
Homeostasis Defined
Homeostatic Control Systems
Feedback Response Loop
Cell Transport; Water & Solutes
Fluid Compartments
Osmosis
Diffusion of Solutes
Active Transport
Bulk Transport
Electrophysiology
Ions and Cell Membranes
Membrane Potentials
Graded Potential
Action Potentials
Refractory Periods
Propagation of an Action Potential
The Synapse
The Autonomic Nervous System
Organization of the Nervous System
Structural Organization of the ANS
The SNS and the PNS
The Enteric Nervous System
Physiology of the ANS
Neurotransmitters of the ANS
Receptors of the ANS
Actions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Table of Actions for the SNS and PNS and Some Common Drugs
Skeletal Muscle and Special Senses
Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle
Neuromuscular Junction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Muscle Contractures and Cramps
Whole Muscle Contraction, Fiber Type, Fatigue and Muscle Pharmacology
Motor Units
Factors that Influence the Force of Contraction
Energy Source for Muscle Contraction
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types
Fatigue
Muscle Pharmacology
Smooth Muscle
Smooth Muscle Contraction
Control of Body Movement
Voluntary Control of Muscle
Reflexes
Taste and Smell
Taste
The Sense of Smell
Vision
Structure of the Eye
Focusing Light on the Retina
Converting Light to Action Potentials
The Retina
Phototransduction
Receptive Fields
Hearing and Equilibrium
The Nature of Sound
The Hearing Apparatus
Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials
The Sense of Balance and Equilibrium
Cardiovascular System
Structure of the Heart
Chambers and Circulation
Cardiac Cell Action Potentials
Action Potentials in Cardiac Muscle Cells
Action Potentials in Cardiac Autorhythmic cells
Cellular Mechanisms of Inotropy and Chronotropy
Electrophysiology of Heart Muscle
Heart Conduction System
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Abnormal ECG - Current of Injury
The Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac Measurements and Pressure Volume Loops
Blood vessels and Blood Pressure
Arteries and Veins
Capillaries
Blood Pressure Regulation and Shock
Capillary Exchange
Myogenic and Paracrine Regulation of Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation
Blood
Composition of Blood
Hematopoeisis
Breaking Down Red Blood Cells
Hemostasis
Urinary and Respiratory Systems
Function and Structure of the Kidney
Urinary System Function
Functional Anatomy of the Urinary System
The Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
The Renal Corpuscle: Bowman's Capsule
Physiology of Urine Production
Filtration
Renal Clearance
Tubular Reabsorption
Urine Concentration and Dilution
Hormonal Regulation of Urine Production
Acid/Base Balance
Buffers
Acid/Base Disturbances
The Respiratory System
Respiratory System Structure and Function
Respiratory Membrane
Respiratory pressures and Inspriation/Expiration
Alveoli and Surfactant
Pneumothorax
Pressure-Volume Loops and the Work of Breathing
Gas Exchange and Transport
Gas Laws
Partial Pressure Gradients in the Lung
Alveolar Gas Equation
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
Alveolar Ventilation
Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
Respiratory Control by the Medulla Oblongata
Chemicals that Regulate Ventilation
Digestive, Endocrine and Reproductive Systems
Functional Anatomy of the Digestive System
Layers of the Digestive Tract
Enteric Nervous System
Organs of the Digestive System
Digestion
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Lipoproteins
Regulation of Digestive Secretions
Endocrine System
Overview of the Endocrine System
Hormone Receptors
Hormones of the Body
Other Hormones: Melatonin and Pheromones
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Structure and Function of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
The Posterior Pituitary
The Anterior Pituitary
Growth Hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid Hormones
Adrenal Hormones
Pancreas
Insulin and Glucagon
Diabetes Mellitus
Reproductive System Anatomy
Female Reproductive Anatomy
Male Reproductive Anatomy
Sexual Development at Puberty
Male Reproductive Endocrine Axis
Spermatogenesis
Female Reproductive System: Oogenesis
Ovulation and Fertilization
The Ovarian Cycle
The Uterine Cycle
Pregnancy
Gender
The Placebo Effect
The Placebo Effect
Examples of the Placebo Effect
How do Placebos Work?
Are Placebos Ethical?
How do we validate actual effectiveness of placebos
Tips for evaluating scientific evidence
What about Faith Healings
test chapter