This chapter contains information from the World Health Organization’s document titled “State of the world's nursing 2020: investing in education, jobs and leadership” and is available under the CC BY-NC-SA license. This chapter also contains information from the World Health Organization’s brief titled “Hand Hygiene for All Initiative” which is available under the CC BY-NC-SA license.

This chapter contains information from Jennifer Lapum; Oona St-Amant; Michelle Hughes; and Joy Garmaise-Yee’s book titled “Introduction to Communication in Nursing” and is available under the CC BY-NC license.

This chapter contains information from Vital Sign Measurement Across the Lifespan - 2nd Canadian Edition by Jennifer L. Lapum; Margaret Verkuyl; Wendy Garcia; Oona St-Amant; and Andy Tan and is available under the CC BY 4.0 License. Part of this content was adapted from OER #1 (as noted in brackets above): © 2015 British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT). Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care by Glynda Rees Doyle and Jodie Anita McCutcheon, British Columbia Institute of Technology. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Download this book for free at http://open.bccampus.ca Part of this content was adapted from OER #1 (as noted in brackets above): © 2015 British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT). Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care by Glynda Rees Doyle and Jodie Anita McCutcheon, British Columbia Institute of Technology. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Download this book for free at http://open.bccampus.ca Part of this content was adapted from OER #2 (as noted in brackets above): © Apr 10, 2017 OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology. Textbook content produced by OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/7c42370b-c3ad-48ac-9620-d15367b882c6@12 This chapter contains information from an open resource for nursing, Nursing Fundamentals by Chippewa Valley Technical College, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 License.

This chapter contains information from Chippewa Valley Technical College’s book titled “Nursing Skills” and is available CC BY license. https://www.oercommons.org/courses/nursing-skills/view OPEN RESOURCES FOR NURSING (OPEN RN)

This chapter contains information from the Chippewa Valley Technical College’s book titled “Nursing Skills” and is available CC BY license. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, Smedley, B. D., Stith, A. Y., Nelson, A. R. (Eds.). (2003). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12875 Meedzan, N. (2015). Cultural immersion experiences in nursing education. In S. Breakey, I. Corless, N. Meedzan, & P. Nicholas (Eds.) Global nursing in the 21st century. Springer. pp. 441-452. Hart, P. L., & Mareno, N. (2016). Nurses’ perceptions of their cultural competence in caring for diverse patient populations. Online Journal of Cultural Competence in Nursing & Healthcare, 6(1), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.9730/ojccnh.org/v6n1a10 Ong-Flaherty, C. (2015). Critical cultural awareness and diversity in nursing: A minority perspective. Nurse Leader, 13(5), 58-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mnl.2015.03.012 Healthy People 2020. (2020). Social Determinants of Health. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2020. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-health ↵ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2020). 2019 National healthcare quality and disparities report. https://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhqdr19/index.html Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2020). 2019 National healthcare quality and disparities report. https://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhqdr19/index.html Householder, M. (2016, April 12). Health workers get lead-test help from Flint student nurses. Associated Press. https://detroit.cbslocal.com/2016/04/12/health-workers-get-lead-test-help-from-flint-student-nurses/. “Flint_Water_Crisis.jpg” by Shannon Nobles is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 Zeran, V. (2016). Cultural competency and safety in nursing education: A case study. Northern Review, 43, 105–115. https://thenorthernreview.ca/index.php/nr/article/view/591 Colorado Nurses Foundation and Colorado Nurses Association. (2020). Owning our biases: How nursing can change the healthcare landscape. Colorado Nurse, 120(3). https://assets.nursingald.com/uploads/publication/pdf/2103/Colorado_Nurse_8_20.pdf Brooks, L., Manias, E., & Bloomer, M. (2019). Culturally sensitive communication in healthcare: A concept analysis. Collegian, 26(3), 383-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2018.09.007 UK Office for Disability Issues. (2018, December 13). Inclusive language: Words to use and avoid when writing about disability. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/inclusive-communication/inclusive-language-words-to-use-and-avoid-when-writing-about-disability. Juckett, G., & Unger, K. (2014). Appropriate use of medical interpreters. American Family Physician, 90(7), 476-80. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25369625/ “handshake-3378251_1920.jpg” by geralt is licensed under CC0 ↵ “Proxemics.png” by Natbrock Alicia Tom is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ↵ Kreuz, R., & Roberts, R. (2019). Proxemics 101: Understanding personal space across cultures. The MITPress Reader. https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/understanding-personal-space-proxemics/ ↵ "271509.png” by amcolley is in the Public Domain ↵ "wanna-cuppa-singapore-cafe-food-bistro-trees-dishes-craft-beer-ale-breakfast-lunch-dinner-dark-1920x1080.jpg” by Jennette Kwok is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 ↵ Nursing Fundamentals: https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/nursingfundamentals/

This chapter contains information by Jennifer Lapum; Oona St-Amant; Charlene Ronquillo; Michelle Hughes; and Joy Garmaise-Yee’s book titled “Documentation in Nursing” and is available under CC BY-NC license.

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The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. This document was developed by the Data, Metrics and Analytics Unit in the Division of Country Health Policies and Systems of the WHO Regional Office for Europe. The main author is Tobias Schulte in den Baeumen. Marieke Verschuuren and David Novillo Ortiz provided direction during the production of the report and technical advice during concept drafting, writing and review. Special thanks to Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat for her strategic guidance. For further information please contact the Data, Metrics and Analytics Unit (euhiudata@who.int). Aim of this guidance This guidance document is part of WHO Regional Office for Europe’s work on supporting Member States in strengthening their health information systems (HISs). Helping countries to produce solid health intelligence and institutionalized mechanisms for evidence-informed policy-making has traditionally been an important focus of WHO’s work and continues to be so under the European Programme of Work 2020–2025.(1) One of the instruments WHO uses in this work is HIS assessments. A common finding in these assessments across Member States in the WHO European Region is problems in the production of health statistics as a result of data protection frameworks that are not appropriately geared to enable use of secondary data for statistical and research purposes. WHO has therefore developed this guidance as part of its HIS strengthening toolkit.