Tools and Settings
Content
Questions and Tasks
Predisposing
Making someone more susceptible or inclined to a particular condition or behavior; creating a predisposition.
Diabetes
A chronic medical condition characterized by elevated levels of blood sugar, resulting from either insufficient insulin production or the body's ineffective use of insulin.
Desserts
weet dishes typically served at the end of a meal; often containing sugars, fruits, or other sweet ingredients.
Sedentary
Involving or characterized by a lack of physical activity; a lifestyle that includes sitting or lying down for extended periods.
Psychosocial
Relating to the interplay between psychological and social factors, including the influence of social relationships on mental health.
Involving active participation or involvement.
Agencies
Organizations or entities that perform specific functions or provide services, often with a particular mandate or purpose.
Coalition
An alliance or partnership formed by groups, organizations, or individuals working together towards a common goal or objective.
Prepare and organize for movement or action.
Advertisement or promotion of a good or service, shaping public opinion to change behavior, especially buying and selling.
As shown in this infographic, health planning starts as indicated on the left with a health issue of concern. The first step is to understand the target population. Using the ecological perspective, all of the various levels of influence need to be considered, along with all predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors. Then planners can determine the theory or model with the best fit for the health issue of concern. This will help as they develop interventions to solve the health problem.
CASE STUDY EXAMPLE FOLLOWING THE INFOGRAPHIC:
People of SpringVillage are concerned with increasing rates of diabetes. Public Health professionals meet with concerned citizens to discuss the problems.
Theories may be applied at any of these levels, according to the Ecological Perspective:
Cognitive-Behavioral theories are those at the individual and interpersonal levels, which have three concepts in common:
Community-level models offer multi-dimensional approaches to promote healthy behaviors. With these models they can change the social and physical environment to support positive behavior change.
Public health often focuses on initiatives serving communities and populations, not just individuals, to prevent and control disease. Community-level models explore how to mobilize community members and organizations.
Communities can be defined geographically or by shared interests or ethnic identity. When planning community-level interventions, it is critical to learn about the community’s culture and unique characteristics.
Comprehensive health promotion programs often use advocacy techniques at individual, social, and community levels. Tobacco control and smoking prevention programs are prominent examples of this. Local tobacco control programs can use this effective multi-level approach to reach four goals:
(World Health Organization, 1986)
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion states that health requires peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity. To reach those goals, they recommend that health interventions include the following elements:
(https://byui.instructure.com/courses/219892/files/98454602/download)
(Smith et al., 2015)
Source: (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services et al., 2005)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, April 15). Health Communication Strategies and Resources. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://npin.cdc.gov/pages/health-communication-strategies
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023a, January 27). Tribal Practices for Wellness in Indian Country (TPWIC). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/healthytribes/tribalpractices.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023b, March 31). What Is Health Literacy? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/healthliteracy/learn/index.html
Smith, P., Morrow, R., & Ross, D. (Eds.). (2015). Chapter 2: Types of intervention and their development. Field Trials of Health Interventions: A Toolbox. 3rd Edition. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK305514/#chapter-2-div1-2
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health, & National Cancer Institute. (2005). Theory at a Glance: A guide for health promotion practice (2nd ed.). https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/theory.pdf
World Health Organization. (1986). The 1st International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 1986. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/teams/health-promotion/enhanced-well-being/first-global-conference