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When you summarize information, you explain the most important parts of a source text in your own words. You typically summarize something to make it shorter. The page number is not required in the in-text citation for a summary.
Effective summaries do the following:
The purpose of your summary will help you determine which details you should include. Typically, your summaries for academic writing have a similar purpose: you need to explain academic information without your opinion. You may also have a more specific focus in mind that will help you decide which details are important and which details you should not include in your summary.
"In 2020, 74 per cent of the global population used safely managed drinking water services. National estimates were available for 138 countries and four out of eight SDG regions, representing 45 per cent of the global population. Coverage was lower in rural areas (60 per cent) than in urban areas (86 per cent), which were home to two out of three of the 5.8 billion people using safely managed services. By 2020 a total of 84 countries had achieved universal (>99 per cent) coverage of at least basic drinking water services." (UNICEF, 2021, para. 3)
A lot of details were left off the list because they were not essential for the summary. There is not one perfect way to make a list for your summary.
Globally, 74% of the population has access to safe, clean water services, and cities have better water safety than towns and villages (UNICEF, 2021).
Notice how the items on the list are not just copied and pasted together into one big sentence. The ideas are connected together carefully. The order is changed a little and some of the ideas are condensed.
Academic voice refers to the specific style and tone of writing commonly used in academic and scholarly contexts. Scholarly writing’s primary objective is to communicate clearly and concisely by using precise and inclusive language. It is characterized by its formal, objective, and authoritative nature, conveying a sense of expertise and professionalism. Academic voice is important as it helps establish credibility, clarity, and precision in conveying ideas and arguments. Here are some guidelines on how to use academic voice effectively.
An Introduction is a three-to-four-page paper addressing the research question and study you designed with your group.
Students commonly believe that they can sit down and author an academic paper start to finish in one attempt, but experienced writers know this is not the best approach to writing a complex paper. Thankfully, you have already taken several steps to prepare to write the Introduction section of your paper. The next step will be to plan what you will write. This plan is called an outline.
The goals of an Introduction is to:
The following is the recommended writing process:
Example:
Access the appendix for a description of the image.
Based on your Background section, write your Motivation section. Highlight your hypothesis and why it matters.
Now that the bulk of your paper has been written:
You will now have an unformatted rough draft.
Optional Resources:
Your paper should meet the following expectations:
Audience
Writing Style
Grammar, Spelling, Punctuation
Citation of sources
Format
Plagiarism
Tense
Follow these steps in setting up your paper:
Format citations according to the following table:
Narrative example
Parenthetical example
One author
Smith (2021) studied...
(Smith, 2021).
Two authors
Smith and Jones (2021)...
(Smith & Jones, 2021).
Three or more authors
Smith et al. (2021)...
(Smith et al., 2021).
Group author with abbreviation, first citation
World Health Organization (WHO, 2021)...
(World Health Organization [WHO], 2021).
Group author with abbreviation, additional citations
WHO (2021)...
(WHO, 2021).
Group author without abbreviation
World Health Organization (2021)...
(World Health Organization, 2021).
Use as many of these resources to edit your paper as you can:
You now have a paper that is ready to submit.
In the United States, most researchers are required to get their research approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). IRBs are located at universities and other facilities that participate in research projects. Most other countries also have some sort of IRBs. IRBs review research studies to ensure that they comply with regulations, meet ethical standards, follow pertinent policies, and protect research participants. The IRB originated due to poor practices of researchers who were conducting research on participants without their full consent, or without informing them of the consequences of the research. An example of this is the Tuskegee Syphilis Study that was conducted in the 1940s. Researchers asked disadvantaged, rural black men to participate in a study about syphilis. The researchers wanted to see what would happen when syphilis went untreated for many years. During the time of the study, penicillin was found to be an effective means to treat syphilis. Unfortunately, the researchers decided that they would not give the men in the study the treatment so as to not interrupt the project even long after the treatment was available. These men would have had a better life outcome if treatment would have been provided.
There are three basic ethical principles that the IRB strive to protect, these include:
In order to get a research project approved by the IRB, a researcher must undergo training and then submit his or her research proposal to the IRB for approval. The process can take anywhere from two weeks to multiple months depending on the nature of the research.
Since we will only be surveying other classmates in the course, we do not need to ask the IRB for approval.
(Brigham Young University-Idaho, Pryor, 2024)
To add additional questions in this form, you will click on the + button to the right.
There are many different types of questions in Google Forms.
After you complete your survey, you will be able to share it with others. Because the survey will be anonymous, you must adjust the settings.
Zotero is a citation management software that makes it easy to save your references and then include them in your paper.
Watch the video
. If needed,
is available in the appendix.
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References
Jackson, K., & Stephens, C. (2024). Academic B Writing: Academic Essays. Open Textbooks: Brigham Young University. https://open.byu.edu/academic_b_writing
License: CC-BY
UNICEF. (2021, July 1). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, 2000-2020: Five years into the SDGs. UNICEF for Every Child: UNICEF Data: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women. https://data.unicef.org/resources/progress-on-household-drinking-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2000-2020/
License: CC-BY-NC