UNIT 1. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1.1.1. Subatomic Particles

1.1.2. Radioisotopes

1.2. Electron Configurations

1.2.1. Chemical Reactions

1.3. Chemical Bonds

1.3.1. Ionic Bonds

1.3.2. Covalent Bonds

UNIT 2. INTERMOLECULAR FORCES, WATER, AND ACIDS AND BASES

2.1. Hydrogen Bonds

2.1.2. Chemical Characteristics of Water

2.2. Water and Aqueous Solutions

2.3. Acids, Bases, pH, and Buffers

2.3.1. Acids and Bases

UNIT 3. CARBOHYDRATES

3.1.1. Hydrocarbons

3.2. Functional Groups

3.3. Carbohydrates

3.3.1. Monosaccharides

3.3.2. Disaccharides

3.3.3. Polysaccharides

3.3.4. Oligosaccharides

UNIT 4. LIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACIDS, AND PROTEINS

4.1.1. Triglycerides

4.1.2. Phospholipids

4.1.3. Steroids

4.1.4. Lipoproteins

4.2. Nucleic Acids

4.2.1. Central Dogma

4.3.1. Amino Acids

4.3.2. Amino Acid Structure

4.3.3. Peptide Bonds and Polypeptides

4.3.4. Protein Structure

4.3.5. Classes of Proteins

UNIT 5. CELL MEMBRANES-STRUCTURE AND CELL FUNCTION

5.1. Structure of the Cell Membrane

5.1.1. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Membrane

5.1.2. Membrane Phospholipids

5.1.3. Membrane fluidity

5.1.4. Membrane Proteins

5.1.5. Carbohydrates

5.2. Cell Structures

5.2.1. The Cell Nucleus

5.2.3. The Golgi Apparatus

5.2.4. Lysosomes, Proteasomes, and Peroxisomes

5.2.5. Vacuoles

5.2.6. The Mitochondrion

5.2.7. Chloroplasts

5.3. The Cytoskeleton

UNIT 6. PROKARYOTES AND VIRUSES

6.1. Prokaryotes

6.1.1. Prokaryotic Morphology and Reproduction

UNIT 7. ENERGY BALANCE

7.1. Energy Cycle, ATP, and Electron Carriers

7.2.1. Enzyme Regulation

7.2.2. Metabolism

7.2.3. Electron Carriers (NAD and FAD)

7.4. Reduction-Oxidation Reactions (Redox)

UNIT 8. GLYCOLYSIS AND CITRIC ACID CYCLE

8.1. Glycolysis

8.2. Metabolism Summary Part 1: Glycolysis

8.3. Citric Acid Cycle

UNIT 9. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

9.1. Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation)

9.2. Lipid and Protein Metabolism

9.2.1. Lipid Metabolism

9.3. Protein Metabolism

UNIT 10. PHOTOSYSNTHESIS

10.1. Photosynthesis

10.1.1. Light Energy

10.1.2. Photosynthetic pigments

10.1.3. Photosynthesis summarized

10.2. Light dependent reactions

10.3. Light independent reaction or the Calvin Cycle

UNIT 11. CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND CELLULAR SIGNALING

11.1. Fluid Compartments

11.1.1. Osmosis

11.1.2. Diffusion of Solutes

11.2. Facilitated Diffusion

11.2.1. Active Transport

11.2.2. Primary Active Transport

11.2.3. Secondary Active Transport

11.2.4. Bulk Transport

11.3. Cell Signaling

11.3.1. Cell Signaling Pathways

11.3.2. Receptor Interactions

11.3.3. G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

UNIT 12. CELL DIVISION AND CANCER

12.1. Cell Division

12.1.1. Chromosomes

12.1.2. Interphase

12.2.1. Binary Fission

12.3.1. Regulating molecules of the Cell Cycle

12.3.2. Proto-oncogenes and Tumor suppressor Genes

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<p id="p_kdfI" name="p_kdfI"><span style="">As mentioned previously, the endoplasmic reticulum has a rough component and a smooth component. The </span><strong>rough endoplasmic reticulum</strong><span style=""> is associated with ribosomes that constantly bind and unbind to the membrane. Ribosomes bind to the endoplasmic reticulum after they interact with an mRNA strand from the nucleus. The ribosomes "read" the mRNA strand and produce the specific protein associated with the code and secrete it into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The newly produced proteins are then folded and prepared for transport to the Golgi complex where they will complete processing prior to being utilized outside of the cell. The </span><strong>smooth endoplasmic reticulum</strong><span style=""> synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. In addition, it aids in the breakdown of carbohydrates and steroids. The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum contains proteins that move Ca</span><sup><span style="">++</span></sup><span style=""> into the structure for storage and thus plays an important role in regulating cellular calcium ion concentrations.</span></p>
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