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MODULE 1: TERMINOLOGY/HOMEOSTASIS TERMINOLOGY Body Directions Anatomical Divisions, Subdivisions and Cavities Prefixes Suffixes Abbreviations HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis Defined Homeostatic Control Systems Feedback Response Loop MODULE 2: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY MATTER Subatomic Particles Electron Configurations Chemical Bonds WATER Chemical Characteristics of Water Water and Aqueous Solutions ACIDS, BASES, PH AND BUFFERS Acids and Bases pH Buffers MODULE 3: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Oligosaccharides LIPIDS Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids Lipoproteins Lipid Profile Values PROTEINS Amino Acids Peptide Bonds and Polypeptides Protein Structure Classes of Proteins Enzymes MODULE 4: THE CELL CELL STRUCTURES The Cell Nucleus The Endoplasmic Reticulum The Golgi Apparatus The Mitochondrion Lysosomes, Proteasomes, and Peroxisomes The Cytoskeleton MODULE 5: CELL MEMBRANES-STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE Fluid Mosaic Model of the Membrane Membrane Phospholipids Membrane Proteins Carbohydrates MEMBRANE TRANSPORT Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Osmosis INTRODUCTION TO ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY Ions and Cell Membranes Membrane Potentials Graded Potentials Action Potentials Refractory Periods Propagation of an Action Potential MODULE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neuron Structure and Classification Glial Cells of the CNS Glial Cells of the PNS PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NEURON The Synapse Summation MODULE 7: SKELETAL MUSCLE FUNCTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE SKELETAL MUSCLE ORGANIZATION Gross and Microscopic Structure NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING, SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY, CONTRACTURES AND CRAMPS Neuromuscular Junction, Excitation-Contraction Coupling, and Sliding Filament Theory Muscle Contractures and Cramps WHOLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION Motor Units Physiology of a Muscle Twitch Types of Muscle Contraction Factors That Influence the Force of Muscle Contraction Energy Source for Muscle Contraction Fatigue Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types A Little Muscle Pharmacology MODULE 8: METABOLISM ENERGTY CYCLE, ATP and ELECTRON CARRIERS ATP Electron Carriers (NAD and FAD) GLYCOLYSIS CITRIC ACID CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN LIPID AND PROTEIN METABOLISM Lipid Metabolism Protein Metabolism MODULE 9: CONTROL OF BODY MOVEMENT VOLUNTARY AND REFLEXIVE CONTROL OF MUSCLES Voluntary Control of Muscles Reflexes MODULE 10: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System Structural Organization and Anatomy of the ANS The SNS and the PNS The Enteric Nervous System PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ANS Neurotransmitters of the ANS Receptors of the ANS ACTIONS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM A Table of Actions for the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions Various Drugs Used to Modify the Actions of the ANS MODULE 11: THE BRAIN BRAIN OVERVIEW AND CEREBRUM Cerebral Cortex THE DIENCEPHALON,BRAINSTEM AND CEREBELLUM The Thalamus The Hypothalamus The Epithalamus Brainstem Cerebellum THE LIMBIC SYSTEM, BASAL NUCLEI AND RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM The Limbic System The Basal Nuclei The Reticular Activating System HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS: THE EEG, SLEEP AND LEARNING Electroencephalogram Sleep Memory and Learning THE MENINGES, CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID AND CRANIAL NERVES The Meninges Cerebrospinal Fluid Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Bleeds Cranial Nerves MODULE 12: SPECIAL SENSES THE SENSE OF TASTE AND SMELL Taste The Sense of Smell VISION: STRUCTURE OF THE EYE Anatomy of the Eye Focusing Light on the Retina CONVERTING LIGHT TO ACTION POTENTIALS The Retina Phototransduction THE INNER EAR: SENSE OF HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM The Nature of Sound The Hearing Apparatus Sound Vibrations to Action Potentials The Sense of Balance and EquilibriumQuestions and Tasks
Add a note to the content. Download the content in PDF, Microsoft Word, or other format. View a summary of the content. View available translations of the content.The epithalamus is the most dorsal of the structures of the diencephalon. Within the epithalamus are several important structures including the habenular nuclei and the pineal gland (sometimes called the “pineal body”). The habenular nuclei have been shown to have involvement in several limbic system type functions including negative reward processing.
The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin in response to the light dark cycle (melatonin secretion is stimulated by the dark and inhibited by light). Melatonin has been implicated in the regulation of our sleep patterns and in regulating reproduction in seasonal breeding animals (see endocrine modules). Melatonin may play an important role in puberty as pineal tumors have been linked to the onset of precocious puberty. The habenular nuclei are thought to be involved in pain processing, reproductive behavior, learning, sleep-wake cycles, stress responses and nutrition. Many of these functions are known to be related to the limbic system, indeed, the epithalamus is considered the bridge between the limbic system and the cerebrum (more on the limbic system later).
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