Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis

Behaviorism

Phenomenology, Gestalt, Humanism, and Existentialism

Cognitive Psychology/ Artificial Intelligence

Modern Medicine and Physiology

1863  Sekhenov:  Reflexes of the Brain

1866  Gregor Mendel discovers the principles of heredity

1869  von Hartmann:  Philosophy of the Unconscious

1870  The Dogma of Papal Infallibility announced

1870 - 1871  The Franco-Prussian War

1871 - The foundation of the German Reich, with Prussia in the driver's seat

1874  Brentano:  Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint

1882 Charcot opens clinic at Salpêtrière

1883  Kraepelin publishes list of disorders

1883  Nietzsche publishes Thus Spake Zarathustra

1885-6  Freud studies hypnosis with Charcot

1885  Hermann Ebbinghaus: On Memory

1890  Ehrenfels:  About the Qualities of the Gestalt

1895  Breuer and Freud:  Studies in Hysteria

1895   Roentgen invents the X-ray

1900  Freud:  Interpretation of Dreams

1900  Husserl:  Logical Investigations

1906  Pavlov publishes first conditioning studies

1906  Golgi and Ramon y Cajal win the Nobel for discovering the synapse

1907  Jung meets Freud; Adler invited to join Freud's circle

1907  Bekhterev:  Objective Psychology

1909  Freud, Jung, et al speak at Clark University

1910  Thomas Morgan discovers chromosomes

1911  Adler forms his own Individual Psychology society

1911  Thorndike:  Animal Intelligence

1912  McDougall:  Psychology:  The Study of Behavior

1912  Wertheimer publishes paper on perception of movement

1913  Watson:  Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It

1913  Köhler does chimpanzee studies

1914  Jung splits from Freud, begins his "dark years"

1914  World War I begins:  Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo; Russia backs Serbia; Germany honors alliance with Austria-Hungary and declares war on France when it refuses neutrality and honors its alliance with Russia; Germany invades Belgium and Great Britain steps in

1917  The Russian Revolution

1917  The US enters the war

1918  Armistice is declared

1919  The Treaty of Versailles:  Breakup of the Austrian-Hungarian Emprie and severe punishment of Germany

1921  The Gestalt journal Psychologische Forschung first published

1921  Loewi discovers the first neurotransmitter, acetylcholine

1922  Fascist Mussolini granted unrestricted power in Italy

1922  Irish Free State established

1922  Tolman presents "a new formula for behaviorism"

1923  Wertheimer:  Laws of Organization

1924  Koffka:  The Growth of Mind

1926  Hermann J. Muller creates mutations in fruit flies with X-rays

1927  Alfred Adler: Understanding Human Nature

1927  Köhler:  The Mentality of Apes

1927  Heidegger:  Being and Time

1929  Berger invents the EEG

1929  Stalin establishes totalitarian rule in the Soviet Union

1929  The collapse of the New York Stock Market and causes the depression - depression follows next year in Europe

1930  Skinner publishes his first paper on conditioning

1932  Tolman:  Purposive Behavior in Men and Animals

1932  Jean Piaget: The Moral Judgement of the Child

1933  Hitler sworn in as Chancellor:  basic civil rights suspended "to protect the German people"

1935  Lewin:  A Dynamic Theory of Personality

1935  Moniz performs the first lobotomy

1936  Anna Freud:  The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense

1936  Alan M. Turing, of Cambridge publishes a paper which introduces the Turing machine.

1936 - 1939  The Spanish Civil War:  fascist Franco wins

1937  Karen Horney:  The Neurotic Personality of our Time

1937  Allport:  Personality

1938  Skinner:  The Behavior of Organisms

1938  The first use of electroshock

1938  Austrians choose to become a part of Germany

1939  World War II begins:  Germany takes over Czechoslovakia and proceeds to invade Poland; Britain and France declare war on Germany; Russia takes eastern Poland and invades Finland

1939 - 1941  Action T4 - the systematic extermination of people with physical or mental abilities - in effect in Germany

1940 - Germany takes Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, and Belgium; by June, Paris has fallen; Italy allies with Germany

1940 Ludwig von Bertalanffy: Problems of Life

1941  Fromm:  Escape from Freedom

1941  Germany invades Russia without warning; Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; US and Soviet Union enter war against Germany, Italy, Japan, and their allies

1942  Systematic extermination of Jews and other "undesirables" (Romany, labor unionists, communists, homosexuals...) begins

1942  Jean Piaget: Psychology of Intelligence.

1943  Hull:  Principles of Behavior

1943  Binswanger:  Grundformen und Erkenntnis

menschlichen Daseins

1943  Italy falls to the allies

1944  Turing: Machine Intelligence

1944  Operation Overlord, the invasion at Normandy, begins

1945  Germany surrenders; Hitler commits suicide

1945  US drops atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima; Japan surrenders

World War II cost over 55 million lives

1945  The UN is established;  the "Cold War" between the US and the USSR begins

1945  John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert and their team at the University of Pennsylvania, complete ENIAC

1946  India becomes independent;  French, British, and other empires begin to disintegrate

1947  Goldstein:  The Organism

1948  Skinner:  Walden II

1948  Frankl:  Experiences in a Concentration Camp

1948  Norbert Wiener: Cybernetics

1948  The state of Israel is declared, despite strong Arab opposition

1949  Donald Hebb: The Organization of Behavior.

1949  John Cade discovers the beneficial effects of lithium

1950  Erik Erikson: Childhood and Society

1950  Rollo May: The Meaning of Anxiety

1950 - 1953  The Korean War;  North Korea was supported by the Chinese, South Korea by the UN, especially the US

1951  Rogers:  Client-Centered Therapy

1952  Laborit discovers the first antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

1953  Watson and Crick discover the structure of the DNA molecule

1954  Carl Jung: Von dem Wurzeln des Bewusstseins

1954  Gordon Allport: The Nature of Prejudice

1954  Olds discovers the "pleasure center" of rats

1954  Abraham Maslow: Motivation and Personality

1955  George Kelly: Psychology of Personal Constructs

1956  George A. Miller publishes 7 +/- 2 paper.

1956  The Hungarian Revolution squashed by Russian troops; many fear World War III

1957  The European Economic Union ("Common Market") established

1957  Sputnik - the first satellite - launched into space

1957  Albert Ellis: How to Live with a Neurotic

1957  Noam Chomsky: Syntactic Structures

1960  Miller: Plans and the Structure of Behavior

1961  May, et al edit Existential Psychology

1961  Yuri Gagarin - the first man in space

1961  The Berlin Wall erected

1962  The Cuban missle crisis:  Russians try to put nuclear weapons in Cuba and the US blockades; we come very close to a nuclear World War III

1963  Sernbach discovers the antianxiety drug diasepam (Valium)

1967  Hans Eysenck: The Biological Basis of Personality

1967  Ulric Neisser: Cognitive Psychology

1969  ARPANET (future Internet) links first two computers at UCLA and Stanford Research Institute.

1969  Neil Armstrong - the first man on the moon

1972  Hounsfield invents the CAT scan

1973  Albert Bandura: Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis

1973  Snyder and Pert discover endorphin

1974  D. T. Wong discovers fluoxetine (Prozac)

1975  The Fall of Saigon ends the Vietnam War; Vietnam had been fighting for self-rule since 1945, first against the French and since 1959 against the US

1976  Neisser: Cognition and Reality

1977  Damadian's first MRI

1977  a virus is the first creature to have its complete genome revealed

1980  First AAAI conference at Stanford

1981  the PET scan invented

1989  The Berlin Wall comes down; Germany is reunited

1991  Mikhail Gobachev orders the dismantling of the Soviet Union; the Cold War ends

1997  "Deep Blue" beats Kasparov, the best chess player in the world.

2000  HGP and Celera announce that they have completed working drafts of the human genome

(The New Millennium Begins!)